Access to Healthcare for Immigrants

Access to healthcare can be determined by several factors (i.e. geographical location, income, insurance)–being an immigrant, especially a recent immigrant to the U.S., is one of these factors. In Albany, NY, the immigrant population has grown over the past few years and currently, 13.2% of the population consists of individuals that were not born in the U.S. (1). Coming to a new country presents many unique challenges, but access to healthcare is one that can prevent individuals from adjusting well and living a safe and healthy lifestyle.

Health Insurance

Due to their lack of citizenship after first moving to the U.S., health insurance options can be limited for immigrants, especially for undocumented immigrants (2). This limits access to many providers who only accept patients with insurance, and while undocumented immigrants can sometimes receive care from community health centers, this care is often only basic primary care or to be used in emergencies (2).

In New York state, all children can receive the Child Health Plus plan, regardless of their immigration status. This plan is comprehensive and includes preventative care, well-child visits, and emergency services (3). Additionally, pregnant women can receive Medicaid regardless of immigration status and some documented immigrants may qualify for the Essential Plan soon after they move to NY (2). However, if an individual does not fit into these categories, the only services that an undocumented immigrant may receive are emergency services (2). While this is beneficial, it leaves out the preventative care and services that can treat symptoms before they worsen beyond control.

Translation Services & Health Literacy

Many immigrant families, especially when they first immigrate to the U.S., are considered to have low English proficiency (LEP). This makes communication in healthcare settings a challenge and can be a barrier to receiving quality care, as the patient and provider cannot have a direct, fluid conversation. Some health care settings in New York have put up this ‘Language Identification Tool Poster’ that allows patients to point to their language, so that appropriate translation services may be provided.  A portion of the poster is shown below, with a link to the full poster here:

While resources such as this poster can help, patients and providers would still not be able to speak directly to each other, and would only be able to communicate through a translator.

Additionally, understanding health insurance options can also be difficult when there is a language barrier, as there are different requirements for each plan. A search engine can be found here for in-person help. This search engine consists of a directory of in-person helpers that can assist individuals in navigating the health system and health insurance plans specifically. While only eight languages are supported, including English, this service can benefit some individuals in understanding how to receive health services for themselves and their families.

COVID-19

With the current pandemic, language barriers present a unique challenge in being able to transmit public health information clearly to the general population. As immigrants make up a large portion of the population, it is essential that they understand basic information about the virus and are able to practice appropriate measures to limit the spread of the virus. Valleywise Health Medical Center in Arizona has made a series of videos available on Youtube that describe what COVID-19 is and what to do if you are sick. These videos have been made available in 12 languages, one of which can be played below.

These videos can be incredibly helpful for individuals that may not understand what is happening in their local communities as a result the virus, but coming across these videos may not be common for many immigrants, as they require some searching. It would therefore be helpful for similar resources and information to be sent to or made available to local communities, either in the style of videos or in pamphlet form.

While many resources exist to help immigrants navigate the healthcare system and obtain information about resources, these resources are not always used or made readily available to immigrant families. Many require searching and prior knowledge about websites and organizations that usually provide public health, insurance, and language services. In the future, it would be important to ensure that immigrants are aware of the resources that exist so that they can have access to the healthcare that they might need. What are some ways this could be done?

21,383 thoughts on “Access to Healthcare for Immigrants

  1. Actually,palm I read it yesterday but I had some thoughts about it and today I wanted to read it again because it is very well written. insight inspirw

    Reply

  2. Thanks for sharing this helpful information! It’s quite an interesting topic. Waiting for your next excellent update. philbossapp

    Reply

  3. I did so take pleasure in studying posts published on this web site. They may be remarkable and contains plenty of beneficial details. 카지노 사이트

    Reply

  4. This is a great inspiring article.I am pretty much pleased with your good work.You put really very helpful information. Keep it up. Keep blogging. Looking to reading your next post. https://themoukey.com/

    Reply

  5. Very efficiently written information. It will be beneficial to anybody who utilizes it, including me. Keep up the good work. For sure i will check out more posts. This site seems to get a good amount of visitors. disadvantages of dental crowns

    Reply

  6. google workspace promo code singapore, email marketing form for different countries. Popular Google Workspace Checkout the Google Workspace promo Code free, As a digital marketing company, Discount Codes & Deals ; FREE TRIAL, Get a 14-day free trial at Google Workspace ; 10% OFF, With using Google Workspace discount code.

    Reply

  7. It was wondering if I could use this write-up on my other website, I will link it back to your website though.Great Thanks. 일산오피

    Reply

  8. Dear, tu sitio web es atractivo y también puedes visitarme. Si te interesa el criket, puedes visitar mi sitio web y ganar dinero jugando un juego en el sitio web de apuestas.

    https://realplay777.com/

    Reply

  9. Dear, tu sitio web es atractivo y también puedes visitarme. Si te interesa el criket, puedes visitar mi sitio web y ganar dinero jugando juegos en el sitio web de apuestas.

    https://realplay777.com/

    Reply

  10. Dear, tu sitio web es atractivo y también puedes visitarme. Si te interesa el criket, puedes visitar mi sitio web y ganar dinero jugando un juego en el sitio web de apuestas.

    https://realplay777.com/

    Reply

  11. Dear, tu sitio web es atractivo y también puedes visitarme. Si te interesa el criket, puedes visitar mi sitio web y ganar dinero jugando juegos en el sitio web de apuestas

    https://realplay777.com/

    Reply

  12. Dear, tu sitio web es atractivo y también puedes visitarme. Si te interesa el criket, puedes visitar mi sitio web y ganar dinero jugando un juego en el sitio web de apuestas.

    https://rpexchange777.com/

    Reply

  13. Dear, tu sitio web es atractivo y también puedes visitarme. Si te interesa el criket, puedes visitar mi sitio web y ganar dinero jugando juegos en el sitio web de apuestas.

    https://rpexchange777.com/

    Reply

  14. Dear, tu sitio web es atractivo y también puedes visitarme. Si te interesa el criket, puedes visitar mi sitio web y ganar dinero jugando un juego en el sitio web de apuestas.

    https://rpexchange777.com/

    Reply

  15. Dear, tu sitio web es atractivo y también puedes visitarme. Si te interesa el criket, puedes visitar mi sitio web y ganar dinero jugando juegos en el sitio web de apuestas.

    https://rpexchange777.com/

    Reply

  16. Dear, tu sitio web es atractivo y también puedes visitarme. Si te interesa el criket, puedes visitar mi sitio web y ganar dinero jugando un juego en el sitio web de apuestas.

    https://rpexchange777.com/

    Reply

  17. Dear, tu sitio web es atractivo y también puedes visitarme. Si te interesa el criket, puedes visitar mi sitio web y ganar dinero jugando juegos en el sitio web de apuestas.

    https://rdexchange777.com/

    Reply

  18. Dear, tu sitio web es atractivo y también puedes visitarme. Si te interesa el criket, puedes visitar mi sitio web y ganar dinero jugando un juego en el sitio web de apuestas.

    https://realplay777.com/

    Reply

  19. Hingga kini Sbobet masih menunjukkan taringnya sebagai salah satu agen judi bola terbaik dimanapun. raden88

    Reply

  20. link alternatif situs slot judi online terkemuka di seluruh Indonesia dengan bonus deposit setiap harinya. slotvip99

    Reply

  21. Hal ini karena website ini sudah bekerja sama dengan puluhan agen permainan judi online yang sudah terjamin aman dan gacor. kudamas138

    Reply

  22. Permainan aplikasi slot sudah memiliki kualitas tinggi yang di sukai oleh semua membernya. Hoki55

    Reply

  23. Sensasi bermain yang seru dan menantang membuat member tidak pernah bosan bermain di situs ini. Hoki88

    Reply

  24. Buy Lifecard pistol online USA 2024,,,,,where to buy Credit card gun Italy,
    buy Single-shot Lifecard Uk,,,,, buy Lifecard 22LR china
    concealed carry Lifecard for sale Canada,,,,, where to buy Lifecard folding handgun uk 2024
    how to use Lifecard folding pistol,,,,, buy lifecard gun,,,,buy Lifecard discreet carry online Germany
    Lifecard pocket gun near me,,,,,credit card .22 magnum,,,,buy lifecard 22LR
    Ultra-compact firearm for sale online,,,, lifecard gun for sale
    buy Lifecard self-defense weapon London,,,,buy lifecard .22WMR,,,,22 life card,,,, lifeguard gun
    Lifecard single-action pistol California,,,,where to buy lifecard .22WMR
    best Lifecard gun review Los Angeles,,,,lifecard gun for sale online
    ifecard handgun near me, buy Lifecard firearm online,,,, buy lifecard .22WMR near me
    kado bar flavors 2024,,,,kado bar,,,,kado bar vape Australia ,,,,salt nicotine,,,,fresh mint Poland
    ado bar 5000, kado bar br5000 Lithuania,,,,how much is a kado bar Spain
    kado bar where to buy Germany,,,,how much nicotine is in a kado bar,
    where to buy kado bar,,,,what is a kado bar Italy, puff bar
    kado bar flavors,,,,kado bar,,,,vape Germany,
    vaping Italy,,,, Ice bar,,,,gummy for sale
    vaping,,,bear online, ,,disposable vape, ,,,kado near me,
    lavors for sale, vapes black ice, apple,,,,gummy bear,,,,buy kado flavor,,,,vapes online
    buds,,,,disposable carts for sale,,,,blueberry,,,,green apple
    blueberry,,,,muttin for sale,,,,puffs,,,,limited edition,,,,kado bar,,,,charging port for sale,,,,rechargeable battery,,,,kado bar vape
    Buy saucebar near me,,,,saucebar vapes for sale calabria,,,, sauce bar Emilia romagna,,,,vape review 2024,,,,sauce vapes for sale.
    aucebar dispo near me lazio,,,,saucebar disposable online
    aucebar dispo near me lazio,,,,saucebar disposable online
    haute sauce premium vape bar 2024,,,,sauce bar disposable vape lombardy
    the sauce bar disposable vape Liguria,,,,sauce bar vape Beverly Hills
    uy disposable sauce bar online Italy,,,, buy the sauce bar vape Australia
    haute sauce vape bar real or fake Los Angeles,,,,haute sauce California,
    premium vape bar Italy,,,,haute sauce Tuscany,,,,vape bar Sicily
    sauce bar disposable vape puglia,,,,buy the sauce bar disposable vape molise
    haute sauce vape bar price friuli Venezia giulia,,,sauce bar Emilia romagna
    dope dough,,,, stoney gummies,,,, dope dough edibles,,,, green gold shatter
    stoney reaper strain ,,,, mmelt mushroom chocolate bar by cali extrax,,,tom ford bubba kush,,, dope dough reviews
    pure pulls refills ,,, swiss bliss strain ,,, dope dough cookie dough ,,,, delta 8 cookie dough,,,, mmelt
    baked bags cookie dough ,,, aromaticbuds,,, stoney thc gummies ,,, dope doigh,,,, sweeter high gummies 300mg,,, stoney gummies review
    real vs fake white runtz price oz Los Angeles,,,,white runtz vs pink runtz near me
    where to buy WEED ONLINE Sweden,,,, thc gummies,,,birthday edible,,,buy white runtz bags  California
    super sour diesel seeds, thc for sale,,, WEED FOR SALE ONLINE,,, Stoney gummies 250mg
    buy Special Haze Strain,,, stress Germany,,,super sour diesel seeds
    skittles gummies saxony,,,,ghost gummies,,,bliss gummies,,,mushroom gummies
    cannabis strains,,,,One Hit Cannabis,,,,order marijuna online  Hesse,,,,order weed online Schleswig
    mfused disposable 2024 molise,,,buy mfused twisted disposable,,, mfused disposable review Sicily,,,mfused,,, mfused disposable not working tuscany
    mfused disposable flavors for sale,,,,mfused disposable near me,,,mfused twisted disposable review Abruzzo,,,where to buy mfused balance disposable
    mfused carts near me 2024,,,,buy mfused carts near,,,mfused carts near me italy 
    buy mfused cartridges online,,,mfused vape online,,,
    mused Italy,,,,mfused disposable Italy Liguria,mfused vape pen 2024
    mfused battery for sale,,,, mfused cartridges,,,mfused smart battery,,,mfused disposable floavor near me,
    mfused disposable vape pen,,,,mfused disposable review Molise,,,,mfused techniq,,,mused battery color meanings,,,mused balance Sicily,
    mfused smart battery manual,,,, mfused cartridges lawsuit Umbria,,,,mused tranquility,,,mfused full spectrum Puglia
    disposable near me,,,,mfused for sale,,,mfused vape pen instructions Lazio, mfused full spectrum disposable
    mfused tanks 2024,,,,mfused smart battery,,,mfused balance disposable Liguria,,,,mfused vape pen charging instructions for sale
    mfused twisted disposable review,,,,how to charge mfused battery
    sig sauer zulu9 11x45mm binoculars,,,buy hunting tents,,,tents,,,gps,,,buy scopes,,,rangefinder for sale,,,buy scopes online
    vortex crossfire ii 3-9×50 straight-wall rifle scope,,, Texas hunting equipment,,,buy bow sights,,,buy bows online
    ghost hunting equipment walmart
    vortex straight wall scope,,,duck hunting equipment,,,quivers for sale,,,releases
    best leupold binoculars for hunting,,,deer hunting equipment,,,best hunting equipment,,,now hunting equipment
    best place to buy ghost hunting equipment,,,ghost hunting equipment,,,hunting equipment,,,shop hunting equipment near me,,,
    redhead hunting gear,,,best hunting gear,,,deer hunting gear,,,first lite hunting gear,,,kid hunting gear,,,water fowl hunting gear
    upland hunting gear,,,origin hunting gear,,,ghost hunting gear,,,bow hunting gear
    what is the hunter’s most important item of clothing,,,badlands hunting gear,,,hunting rain gear,,,nomed hunting gear
    vortex crossfire 3-9×50 straight wall,,,hunting gear,,,,Sitka hunting gear,,,,duck hunting gear,,,kuiu hunting gear
    Buy ice capz,,,nerds rope bites,,,,cherry lemon runtz strain,,,,where to buy white moonrocks,
    skittles moonrock,,,,skittles moonrock prices,,,stars of death edibles near me,,,,how to smoke ice capz near me
    snow caps moonrock, skittles moon rocks,,,,buy ice caps weed,,,,nerd rope bites,,,,nerd rope bites edibles,
    buy stars of death edible,,,,buy ice capz,,,,cali plug cart,,,,buy nerds ropes bites,,,, black cherry punch strain,
    medicinal nerds rope,,,,medical nerds rope,,,,caliplug cart,,,buy indica weed pens,,,,secret nature disposables
    snow cap moon rocks,,,,cherry lemon runtz,,,,ice capz weed,,,,high tech ice capz,,,,buy zaba ice capz,
    buy moon rock weed uk,,,buy moon rock ice and get a 10% discount ,,,where to find indica pens,,,cherry lemon pie strain,,,,secret nature delta,,,,snowcap runtz strain
    ice cap strain,,,,ice capz zaba,,,,zaba ice caps,,,snow caps moonrock price,,,, ice caps weed strain,,,,binoid cart,,,, black cherry punch edison,,,,cali plug, citrus runtz strain,,,?icecaps thc,,,,snowball moonrock
    , nerd bites edibles, exhale cartridges,,,,lemon cherry gelato snow caps,,,,lemon cherry runtz strain,,,,ice caps strain leafly, ice caps strain 
    medicated nerd rope bites,,,, binoid packaging,,,,cali plug cart review, stars of death,,,,skittle moon rock,,,,moonrocks ice,,,,nerd bites for sale,,,,snowcap runtz,,,,cali plug weed,,,,lemon cherry runtz,,,, buy icecapz,,,,,white moon rock,,,,caliplug cart review
    seeds for sale uk,,,,, bud for sale San Francisco,,,,cannabis Los Angeles
    frisian duck ,,,, kado bar flavors ,,,, kado bar vape ,,,, kado bar 5000 ,,,, blue gelato 41 ,,,, red devil strain ,,,, kado vape

    mfused Red Sea ,,,,dojo seed co,,, seed finder,,,, mfused disposable review,,,,,,,,,,,ducks foot weed,,,red devil vape,,,, frisian duck outdoor grow campania,,,, leafly Manchester,,,,auto frisian Bristol

    Frisian duck outdoor grow,,, kado bar apple berry crisp,,,blue gelato 41 review,,,ace seeds California ,,,, cherry runts weeds strain 
    blueberry cheese seeds,,,,blue razz lemon kado bar,,,,black ice kado bar,,,blue sunset sherbet,,,
    kado bar classic tobacco,,,Frisian duck,,,super gelato,,,duck foot seeds,,,buy voidrealm isd online
    sour diesel for sale,,,,ducks for sale Bristol,,,blue cheese seed finder,,,cherry runtz leafly,,,puff bar kado,,,,
    Frisian duck autoflower,,,cali connection clothing,,,cran apple kado bar,,,Barney farms blue gelato 41,,,,sours strain,,,,dojo seeds
    mac 10 strain,,,,kado bar 5000flavors,,,, orange kado bar,,,runtz s1,,,,kado bar red light,,,,red devil kush,,,,
    lkr California ,,,,fidget spinner lighter,,,cookies lighter
    flkr lytr Canada,,,,fidget spinner lighter case,,,,fidget lighter,,,,lighter fidget spinner
    bic flickers London,,,,flick lighter Italy,,,,lighter vs liter
    lighter fidget, toy lytr,,,lighter com,,,fidget lighter case, spinner lighter case,
    clipper lighter,,,,lighter spinner San Diego,,,lighter fidget San Francisco,,,,spinner lighter,,,,cookies
    clipper lighter, lighter fidget uk

    spinner case clipper lighter,,,,nope bic lighter,,,bic lighter for sale,,,?buy fidget spinner online
    ippo lighter fidget toy,,,cookies,,,lighter holder,,,lighter.com, buy flicker lighter,,,bic mustache, lighter flyker for sale

    fidget spinner lighter,,,,cookies lighter spinner,,,,cookies lighter,,,serpent holder,,,,cbd filter tips
    crystal candy strain,,,lighter holder keychain,,,just cbd pre rolls,,,premium leach,,,
    fidget spinner case,,,,plastic roll machine,,,supreme bic lighter,,,thca pink runtz,,,ocb joint roller,,,
    lkr California ,,,,fidget spinner lighter,,,cookies lighter
    flkr lytr Canada,,,,fidget spinner lighter case,,,,fidget lighter,,,,lighter fidget spinner
    bic flickers London,,,,flick lighter Italy,,,,lighter vs liter
    lighter fidget, toy lytr,,,lighter com,,,fidget lighter case, spinner lighter case,
    clipper lighter,,,,lighter spinner San Diego,,,lighter fidget San Francisco,,,,spinner lighter,,,,cookies
    clipper lighter, lighter fidget uk
    spinner case clipper lighter,,,,nope bic lighter,,,bic lighter for sale,,,?buy fidget spinner online
    ippo lighter fidget toy,,,cookies,,,lighter holder,,,lighter.com, buy flicker lighter,,,bic mustache, lighter flyker for sale

    fidget spinner lighter,,,,cookies lighter spinner,,,,cookies lighter,,,serpent holder,,,,cbd filter tips
    crystal candy strain,,,lighter holder keychain,,,just cbd pre rolls,,,premium leach,,,
    fidget spinner case,,,,plastic roll machine,,,supreme bic lighter,,,thca pink runtz,,,ocb joint roller,,,
    Buy vape cartridges online USA fryd extracts live resin review ,,,fryd disposable flavors ,,, fryd disposable live resinfryd carts 2 gram..fryd extracts charging ,,, fryd 2 gram disposable not charging ,,,, fryd dispo not charging
    THC fryd extracts for sale USA ……Buy fryd live resin Los Angeles ,,,fryd charger,,,live resin fryd carts ,,, fryd extracts disposable ,fryd banana nerds,Buy fryd extracts online 2024, where to buy fryd extracts real or fake, fryd extracts fake for sale online 2024,buy fryd extracts reviews online , fryd extracts disposable near me
    lemonberry tartz fryd disposable fryd extracts not charging ,,, fryd extracts live resin ,,, fryd live resin carts ,,, fryd carts flavors…fryd weed carts ,,,do fryd carts have thc ,,,fryd extracts ,,,live resin real or fake ,,,are fryd carts safe ,,,cactus jack fryd
    fryd extracts review ,,,fryd extracts reviews ,,,fryd carts ,,,frblueberry zlushie ,,,fryd disposable vape pen ,,,fryd watermelon gushers Buy fryd disposable vape California, fryd extracts review for sale online 2024, how to use fryd extracts reddit, buy fryd extract and get a discount, fryd extracts carts online 2024, what is the price for fryd extracts liquid diamonds
    fryd disposable ,,,fry,,, extracts near me ,,,stay fryd ,,,fryd extract ,,,frydextracts fryd extracts California….fryd weed
    fryd disposable vape USA cactus ,,,cooler fryd disposable.
    Firearms magnets for sale on-line,,,, gun magnets for sale,,,glocks for sale,,,,glock 43 for sale 2024 ,glock switch for sale ,2024 43 glock for sale near me ,glock 19x for sale ,glock 19 x for sale,ammunition for sale 2024,ammunition for sale near me,2024 ammunition cabinet for sale,rifle ammunition for sale,556/.223 ammunition for sale </ahandgun Firearms for sale online,,, online firearms for sale,,, used firearms for sale online,,,, handguns for sale online cheap

    Ammunition for firearms,,, ammunition firearms act,,,ammunition for sale 2024,smith and wesson 22 mag pistol for sale ,smith and wesson fpc for sale online 2024, smith and wesson equalizer for sale 2024,smith and wesson 500 for sale
    Buy Sako Firearms online,,, buy sako firearms online
    a href=”https://surron-bike.com/”rel=”dofollow”>buy surron…sauron bike…sur-ron light bee x…surron x…surron…surron for sale…surron bike
    surron usa…surron ultra bee…ultra bee…siron e bikesur ron x…sur ron for sale…
    surron america…surron near me…ultra bee surron…surron bike for sale…surron california
    surron bikes for sale near me…surron dealer san diego…sur ron x electric bike…sur ron bike…surron…sur ron…sur-ron x for sale…sur ron bike for sale…surron x for sale
    surron x…surron electric bike…surronx…surrons for sale…sur ron light bee x…surron e bike…surron bike price…sur ron usa
    72v sur ron for sale…surron ultra bee for sale…surron ebike…suron for sale…sur ron light bee for sale
    sur ron los angeles…surron light bee…surron x light bee…surron battery…72v sur ron
    sur ron x for sale…surron light bee x1…sur ron for sale near me…surrons for sale near me…surrons for sale near me…sur ron california
    beretta store ,,,beretta firearms store, Benelli-shotguns, buy benelli firearms nova pump action 2024, where to buy benelli firearms usa, benelli firearms china for sale , 2024 benelli firearms Italy
    beretta gun store ,,,1301 comp pro, Buy Christensen Arms online 2024, used christensen arms for sale USA, 2024 christensen arms guns for sale China, christensen arms home page, christensen arms contact info, christensen arms rifles for sale California
    beretta gun stores ,,,beretta 1301 comp pro, Buy HK Handgun Semi-
    Buy Howa Firearms online near me 2024, howa rifles for sale online
    berettastores ,,,beretta stores, CZ Firearms for sale online ,used cz rifles for sale.
    beretta comp pro ,,,beretta shotgun 1301 comp pro
    berreta store ,,,beretta guns for sale, Buy Glock online USA , global buyers online , site glotelho , buy online glock 45 in usa 2024 , used glock for sale online 2024 , how to buy a glock online , buy glock handguns online
    Buy moon chocolatebar,moon 250 mg,,,moon chocolatebar 250mg,,,moon chocolate bar where to buy, </a moon chocolate edibles for sale,,,,moon chocolatebar Amazon,,,,moon thc chocolate bar
    moon chocolate edibles for sale,moon chocolatebar Amazon,moon thc chocolate bar,
    polkadot guava gelato ,,,polka dot guava gelato,,,guava gelato fryd,,, mushrooms chocolate bar, magic mushroom in chocolate near me 
    b brand carts,,,b brand vape cart,,,fryd extracts near me
    pink zlushie fryd,,,,b brand carts buy chocolate online
    fine chocolatemoon bar for sale online 2024,,,buy moon bars,,,,moon edible chocolate bar
    moom chocolate bar 2024,,,,moon bar edible,,,moon edible for sale,,,,moon chocolate, moon candy,,,buy moon chocolate edibles
    moon chocolate where to buy 2024,,,,buy milk chocolate,,,,endangered spicies chocolate,,,chocolate chips, polkadot oakland,,,,polkadot
    mushroom chocolate,polkadot Oakland,polkadot chocolate near me,polkadot bars,polkadot mushrooms chocolate

    Reply

Leave a Reply to http://www.authoritynutritionhelp.com/ Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *