Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
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This paper is the first in a two-part series analyzing human arm and hand motion during a wide range of unstructured tasks. The wide variety of motions performed by the human arm during daily tasks makes it desirable to find representative subsets to reduce the dimensionality of these movements for a variety of applications, including the design and control of robotic and prosthetic devices. This paper presents a novel met
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Trace elements (TEs) from natural and anthropogenic sources are ubiquitous. Essential or not, their relevance for human health and disease is constantly expanding. Biological monitoring is a widely integrated tool in risk assessment both in occupational and environmental settings. However, the determination of appropriate and accurate reference values in the (specific) population is a prerequisite for a co
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The results of the granger causality show that a unidirectional causality was found between carbon dioxide and total heads of livestock, all animal manure applied to the soil, agricultural technology, and total pesticide used in the agricultural sector. In contrast, bidirectional causality was found between the production of biomass-burned crop residues and carbon dioxide emission. Therefore,
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Peer support has begun to gain traction as a mechanism for improving well-being in medicine. In this paper, we share our experience building, training, and piloting a peer support team based on a “critical incident stress management” model. The HOPES team (Helping Our Peers Endure Stress) is dedicated to, and composed entirely of, members of our division of pediatric hematology/oncology. Peer support will not solve al
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Although Hydroxyurea is one of the most widely used drugs in treating breast cancer, the use of it leads to some side effects. Hence, in order to reduce complications of treatment and increase its efficiency, drug delivery has been attracted more attention. Present study included three stages. The first stage was involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles-loaded Hydroxyurea that its characteristics were
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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in young children has been associated with increased risk for developing recurrent wheezing, but the underlying mechanisms, are not completely defined. We hypothesized that RSV induces a disregulated immune response defined by a distinct cytokine profile in infants at increased risk for developing recurrent wheezing.
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Sandhoff disease is a rare neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease associated with the storage of GM2 ganglioside in late endosomes/lysosomes. Here, we explored the efficacy of acetyl-DL-leucine (ADLL), which has been shown to improve ataxia in observational studies in patients with Niemann-Pick Type C1 and other cerebellar ataxias. We treated a mouse model of Sandhoff disease (Hexb-/-) (0.1 g/kg/day) from 3 wee
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The importance of alterations in bidirectional communication between gut and brain has become obvious in neuropsychiatric disorders. Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances are very common in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and the GI microbiota profiles in children with ASD are significantly different from those in the general population. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an inheritable developmental disability in humans, a
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Additionally, BFT degrades E-cadherin, hence alteration of signalling pathways can upregulate spermine oxidase leading to cell morphology and promote carcinogenesis and irreversible DNA damage. Patient with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) disease displays a high level of tumour load in the colon. This disease is caused by germline mutation of the adenomatous polyposis
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We found that Col-0 plants are more sensitive to salt stress under high NO3 – concentrations. Although both the pap1-D/fls1ko and fls1ko plants accumulated higher anthocyanin levels and radical scavenging activities than Col-0 plants under both normal and salt stress conditions, the fls1ko plants exhibited much better growth than the pap1-D/fls1ko plants. It appears that the enhanced NR activities and transcript leve
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Among molecular building blocks, metal oxide cluster anions and their countercations provide multiple options for the self-assembly of functional materials. Currently, however, rational design concepts are limited to electrostatic interactions with metal or organic countercations or to the attachment and subsequent reactions of functionalized organic ligands. We now demonstrate that bridging μ-oxo linkages can be used
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The sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode severely limits the energy conversion efficiency of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this study, cobalt and nitrogen co-doped ordered mesoporous carbon (Cox-N-OMC) was prepared by heat-treating a mixture of cobalt nitrate, melamine and ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC). The addition of cobalt nitrate remarkably improved the ORR reactivity, compared to the nitr
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The response rate of depressive symptoms at week 8 in the PReDicT (55.9%) and TaU (51.8%) arms did not differ significantly (odds ratio 1.18 (95% CI 0.89-1.56), P = 0.25). However, there was a significantly greater reduction of anxiety in week 8 and a greater improvement in functional outcome at week 24 in the PReDicT arm. Use of the PReDicT test did not increase the rate of response to antidepressant treatment
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In this context, PARPi and ICIs represent a rational combination. In this review, we summarize the basic and translational biology supporting the combined strategy. We also detail preclinical results and early data of ongoing clinical trials indicating the synergistic effect of PARPi and ICIs. Moreover, we discuss the limitations and the future direction of the combination.This st
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Random-variable-valued measurements (RVVMs) are proposed as a new framework for treating measurement processes that generate non-deterministic sample data. They operate by assigning a probability measure to each observed sample instantiation of a global measurement process for some particular random quantity of interest, thus allowing for the explicit quantification of response process error. Common methodologies to
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Sera with high PsNAb also showed a strong ability to neutralize active SARS-CoV-2 virus, with hospitalized patients showing higher titers. Therefore, convalescent plasma donors can be selected based on the presence of high RBD antibody titers.The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics that contribute to the successful dissemination of VIM-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), belonging
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