Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
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RESULTS Among 89 patients, 23 patients underwent ESD before surgery. LDG was significantly less often performed in the ESD-surgery group than in the surgery-only group (34.8% vs. 72.7%; p = 0.003). Preoperative ESD was an independent negative predictor of LDG (odds ratio = 0.266; p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative ESD has an impact on the selection of the type of additional gastrectomy, including reducing the conduct of LDG f
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203; OS, P = 0.146). In oligodendroglioma (IDH mutant and 1p/19q codeleted) subtype, only STUPP regimen brought longer PFS when compared with observation (P = 0.008). The incidence of grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (P less then 0.001) and nausea or vomiting (P = 0.004) was higher in the STUPP group than the figure for the RT alone group. PFS and OS were similarly improved in patients with high-risk LGG receiv
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The use of an array of transducers to excite guided Lamb waves, within a plate or any complex structure, usually leads to a variation in the energy on the propagation direction. In this study, an optimization model is proposed to design an array of transducers to provide uniform energy distribution in a domain of an arbitrary shape. The model is based on finding the optimal placements of the transducers and the opti
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Three-hour treatment with 40% FIO2 NBH results in a significant reduction in MMT and CMT. This study supports an ischemic mechanism for macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion.
Short-term low-dose normobaric hyperoxia is a simple, inexpensive, and ubiquitous treatment that may provide an alternate or adjunctive approach to treating macular edema in patients who are res
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Two nitrogen-rich azo-bridged porphyrin porous organic polymers (Azo-Por-Bpy-POP and Azo-Por-Dadp-POP) with high surface areas were prepared by coupling 5,10,15,20-tetra(p-nitrophenyl)-porphyrin with the aromatic amines of 2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diamine (Bpy) and diaminodiphenyl (Dadp). Azo-Por-Bpy-POP and Azo-Por-Dadp-POP display high photocatalytic reduction activity for CO2 to CO under visible-light irradiation wit
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PRMT1, particularly Prmt1v2, was significantly induced in the liver of streptozocin-induced type 1 diabetes and high fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mouse models and liver-specific Prmt1 deficiency drastically ameliorated diabetic hyperglycemia. These findings reveal that PRMT1 modulates gluconeogenesis and mediates glucose homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions, suggesti
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Women and men presented different mortality patterns according to multimorbidity. Therefore, we suggest that additional longitudinal studies should be performed in order to analyze mortality by sex. Copyright © 2020 Alejandra Andrea Roman Lay et al.Objective To perform a proof of concept microbiome evaluation and PD-L1 expression profiling in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (cc-RCC) with assoc
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CVBD induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in GBM cells. We found that CVBD led to mitochondrial translocation of cofilin. Knockdown of cofilin attenuated CVBD-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage. Additionally, the generation of ROS and mitochondrial superoxide was also induced by CVBD in a dose-dependent manner. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and mitoquinone (MitoQ) pre-treatment reverted CVBD-induce
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The red cell levels of 6MMP rapidly declined in the first month. The red cell levels of 6TGN transiently increased in spite of the lower 6MP dose. There was no decrease in absolute neutrophil count or hemoglobin. Platelets decreased slightly not requiring therapy modification. Elevated bilirubin normalized, and alanine aminotransferase decreased significantly with most normalizing. All patients continued on allopurinol w
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Our study strongly supported the concept that berberine may serve as a single drug or a promising adjuvant that can be used in conjunction with other medications for the treatment of septic patients.Transcription termination defines accurate transcript 3′-ends and ensures programmed transcriptomes, making it critical to life. However, transcription termination mechanisms remain largely unknown in Archaea. Here, we rep
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CONCLUSION Our preliminary study demonstrated that exosomes derived from TSH-stimulated hepatocytes were increased and showed a specific altered spectrum of proteins, many of which were involved in metabolism, signal transduction, apoptosis, and inflammation. This study offers new insights into the pathogenesis of TSH-induced lipotoxicity in NAFLD.PURPOSE To retrospectively evaluate the clinical outcomes of percutaneous
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Finally, by cloning the mfpA gene in an inducible vector, we showed that induced expression of mfpA increases the ciprofloxacin Minimal Inhibitory Concentration. These results confirm that increased expression of the mfpA gene, which is part of the mfpEA operon, increases ciprofloxacin resistance in M. smegmatis.
Preliminary biological activity assessment of a novel bioengineered wound product (
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This draft genome sequence provides understanding of the mechanisms of siderophore biosynthesis and siderophore-mediated iron uptake by this bacterium.A reasonably acidophilic Geobacter sp. stress, FeAm09, had been separated from forest soil. The complete genome series is 4,099,068 bp with the average GC content of 61.1%. No plasmids had been detected. The
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To identify Nursing practices in the Family Health Strategy in Brazil and interfaces in the illness of these professionals.
Qualitative research, carried out in the five Regions of Brazil, with 79 nursing professionals from 20 health units. Data were collected from 2015 to 2017, using interviews, observation and documentary study. The analysis with the aid of the softwa
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Furthermore, the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 were downregulated in miR-424-5p-silenced NP cells. Interestingly, we found that silencing miR-424-5p increased p62 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Finally, a luciferase reporter assay verified the binding of the miR-424-5p and the 3’UTR of Bcl2. These results suggested that silencing miR-424-5p suppressed NP cell a
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