Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states.
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
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What explanation is there when teams of researchers are unable to successfully replicate already established ‘canonical’ findings? One suggestion that has been put forward, but left largely untested, is that those researchers who fail to replicate prior studies are of low ‘expertise and diligence’ and lack the skill necessary to successfully replicate the conditions of the original experiment. Here we examine
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Following the previous chapter, recent synthetic methods of metal-based nanoparticles and their applications based on plasmonic resonance properties are described in this chapter. This differs from the previous chapter, which described the general uses of metal-based nanoparticles, in that various recent advanced applications of metal-based nanoparticles are described in this chapter.This review presents the main ch
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The bone marrow microenvironment (BME) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) consists of various cell types that support the growth of AML cells and protect them from chemotherapy. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the BME have been shown to contribute immensely to leukemogenesis and chemotherapy resistance in AML cells. However, the mechanism of stroma-induced chemotherapy resistance is not known. Here,
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Hydrogeochemical understanding of groundwater is essential for the effective management of groundwater. This study has been carried out to have concrete data for the seasonal variations in hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in central Tamilnadu forming a complex geological terrain with a varied lithology. A total of 244 groundwater samples were collected during four different seasons, viz, southwest monsoon (SWM), sum
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Gene targeting is an incredibly valuable technique. Sometimes, however, it can also be extremely challenging for various intrinsic reasons (e.g. low target accessibility or nature/extent of gene modification). To bypass these barriers, we designed a transgene-based system in Drosophila that increases the number of independent gene targeting events while at the
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To describe the use of large-diameter balloon-expandable stent-grafts (BeGraft aortic stent-graft, Bentley InnoMed GmbH, Hechingen, Germany) in the treatment of infrarenal penetrating aortic ulcer (iPAU).
Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing endovascular treatment with the BeGraft aortic stent-graft in 8 European centers from January 2017 to October 2020. Demographics, peri
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Genome sequencing identified a F32V substitution in Any1, a known negative regulator of NH4+-sensitive leucine uptake linked to TOR. We show that 3H-leucine uptake by SSR-any1-F32V cells in NH4+-media is more robust than by sla1Δ cells. Moreover, F32V may alter any1+ function in sla1Δ vs. sla1+ cells in a distinctive way. Thus deletion of La, a tRNA processing factor leads to a GAAC response involving r
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Bone metastasis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). However, the underlying mechanism of bone-specific metastasis remain vague. Recently, with the deep research of N6-methyladenine (m6A) mRNA methylation, many studies directly focus on the role of m6A modification in human diseases, especially in cancers. Here we found that methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) expression
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most commonly diagnosed liver malignancy, ranking third in the overall global cancer-related mortality. A complex network of interacting proteins controls HCC growth and progression. Lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPAR) are commonly overexpressed in HCC. In particular, we have previously reported that the expression of LPAR6 sustains tumorigenesis and growth of HCC and
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The anaerobic conversion of choline to trimethylamine (TMA) by the human gut microbiota has been linked to multiple human diseases. The potential impact of this microbial metabolic activity on host health has inspired multiple efforts to identify small molecule inhibitors. Here, we use information about the structure and mechanism of the bacterial enzyme choline TMA-lyase (CutC) to develop a cyclic choline analo
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Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is one of the most significant bacterial diseases in global shrimp culture, causing severe economic losses. In the present study, we carried out in vitro antimicrobial tests to investigate the disinfection efficacy of 14 common disinfectants toward different AHPND-causing Vibrio spp., including eight isolates of V. parahaemolyticus, four isolates of V. campbellii, and one
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Several factors are highlighted that restrict the transferability of these findings into clinical practice. Therefore, more collaborative in vitro research in humans modelled to reflect clinical practice is required to better understand the effects of PP exposure on the biophysiological function(s) of BM-MSCs in human.Cerebrotendinous X anthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder presenting wit
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder, and the restoration of the impaired cartilage remains a main concern for researchers and clinicians. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of OA. The present study examined the therapeutic efficacy of exosomal‑miR‑140‑5p for the treatment of OA using dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). The findings indicated that the exosomal burden of miR‑140‑5p was s
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By using the “bridge joint” effect of iron ions, cellulose nanocrystal-containing high-performance adsorbents were synthesized via coprecipitation method, which enhanced the cross-linking action of cellulose nanocrystal and polyethyleneimine. The morphology, specific surface area, surface chemistry and chemical valence of the adsorbents were characterized by SEM, FTIR, BET and XPS. According to the results, the iron i
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The optimal anesthesia modality for umbilical hernia repair is unclear. We hypothesized that using local rather than general anesthesia would be associated with improved outcomes, especially for frail patients.
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By reanalysis of public single nuclei data from adult brain neurons, we detected an extrachromosomal circular DNA event. Our study reveals the existence of mosaic SVs in the developing human brain, likely arising from cell proliferation during mid-neurogenesis. Although relatively rare compared to SNVs and present in ∼10% of neurons, SVs in developing human brain affect a comparable number of bases in the genome (∼6200 vs
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The streptavidin-biotin affinity was utilised to demonstrate the potential of the birefringence assay platform, using free biotin as the model analyte, biotinylated lipase and streptavidin-coated magnetic beads in the competitive format. A semi-quantitative assay with a detection limit of 5 μg mL-1 to free biotin as the model analyte was achieved in the visual birefringence mode. This study demonstrated a proof-of-
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