Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
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Sulfur reduction at hyperthermoacidophilic conditions represents a promising opportunity for metal sulfide precipitation from hot acidic metallurgical streams, avoiding costly cooling down. The suitability of mesophilic anaerobic sludges as the inoculum for sulfur-reducing bioreactors operated at high temperature and low pH was explored. We examined sludges from full-scale anaerobic reactors for sulfur-reducing activi
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Finally, we discuss preliminary results to minimize the risk of accidents when using augmented reality applications in an outdoor urban environment.BACKGROUND Ghana’s national prevalence survey showed higher than expected tuberculosis (TB) prevalence, indicating that many people with TB are not identified and treated. This study aimed to identify gaps in the TB diagnostic cascade prior to starting treatmen
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The development of new and greener approaches to organic synthesis has been a trend in recent years. Continuing the latest publications of our team, in this work, we demonstrate the efficiency of three solvents eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) for the synthesis of O,S,N-heterocyclic compounds.After skin cancer, prostate cancer (PC) is the most common canc
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uspecting an underlying hepatobiliary disorder in children with cholelithiasis without any known predisposing factors and/or that follow an atypical clinical course for cholelithiasis alone.
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and binding free energy decomposition demonstrated the important role of van der Waals interactions alongside H-bond ones that were in consistent with the docking and contour maps analysis results. In sum, the results from this study may provide a significant insight for developing more effective novel FAK inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Although fetal brain injury due to
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Background Diagnosis and treatment of small saphenous vein (SSV) insufficiency is of utmost importance for relieving chronic venous insufficiency symptoms. Objectives To investigate the efficacy and safety of five different treatment approaches among patients with SSV insufficiency. Design and setting Two-center retrospective clinical study, conducted at cardiovascular surgery cli
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Many of these disease risks associated with particle inhalation exposures in such work environments were consistent with the observation from the PEPs rat inhalation studies. In particular, the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) was a top significantly perturbed pathway in blood samples from exposed workers compared with the office workers in both companies. The protein expression of sICAM was verified in plasma of
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The VFA obtained with the inoculum peanut meal ratio of 0.15 g g-1 was mainly acetic acid, with peak concentration of 10,797.09 mg L-1, which was 1.82 times higher than that obtained with only the peanut meal fermentation. Response surface methodology predicted that the inoculation ratio was 0.15 g g-1, and the effect of producing VFAs was the best when the fermentation time was 8.63d. The results showed tha
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In this article, we review controversies in assessing the risk of serious adverse effects caused by administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Our focus is upon NSAIDs used in short courses for the management of acute postoperative pain. In our review of the literature, we found that the risks of short-term NSAID use may be overemphasized. Specifically, that the likelihood of renal dysfunction, bleeding, nonunion of bon
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The circumstances of renal failure diagnosis were incidental findings (2/5), gout (2/5), or repeated episodes of pyelonephritis (1/5). The median age of kidney disease diagnosis was 30 years old and of renal transplant 49 years old. The most frequent renal malformation was bilateral kidney hypoplasia. TBS is probably underestimated in adulthood and this report highlights that less obvious elements of morphology such as
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To compare the relative efficacy and safety of pharmacological anti-inflammatory interventions for gout flares.
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Spider bites are a common emergency department complaint, accounting for ~21% of noncanine bites, injuries, and stings. Military service members, more so than most civilian personnel, are exposed to conditions that place them at increased risk for envenomation, stings, and bites. We present the case of an active duty service member working in a relatively austere environment who presented to a level 1 trauma cente
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Protein dynamics in the synaptic bouton are still not well understood, despite many quantitative studies of synaptic structure and function. The complexity of the synaptic environment makes investigations of presynaptic protein mobility challenging. Here, we present an in vitro approach to create a minimalist model of the synaptic environment by patterning synaptic vesicles (SVs) on glass coverslips. We employed fluor
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CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the intestinal microbiota can control Trp availability and provide a link between the AhR pathway and host-microbiota interaction in acute infection with T. gondii. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants and reduces crop yield worldwide. As obligate biotrophs, powdery mildew fungi manipu
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There was statistically significant correlation between Rintala score and QoL scores (
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Low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) have a disproportionately high burden of cancer and cancer mortality. The unique barriers to optimum cancer care in these regions necessitate context-specific research. The conduct of research in LMICs has several challenges, not least of which is a paucity of formal training in research methods. Building capacity by training early career researchers is essential to impr
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The lunar surface allows a unique way forward in cosmology, to go beyond current limits. The far side provides an unexcelled radio-quiet environment for probing the dark ages via 21 cm interferometry to seek elusive clues on the nature of the infinitesimal fluctuations that seeded galaxy formation. Far-infrared telescopes in cold and dark lunar polar craters will probe back to the first months of the Big Bang and s
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As EA cognitive abilities increase after age 8, the application of this project in even younger children indicates that a state of general well-being requires enough emotional awareness to be perceived.
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The value of intravenous oxycodone compared to morphine remains controversial. The purpose of this trial was to compare opioid-related adverse events (ORAES) of intravenous oxycodone and morphine after total hip arthroplasty.
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Indirect calorimetry did not reveal any differences in energy expenditure among groups. In conclusion, deletion of GPR10 gene resulted in changes in lipid metabolism in mice of both sexes, however in different extent. An increase in adipose tissue mass observed in only GPR10 KO males may have been prevented in GPR10 KO females owing to a compensatory increase in the expression of metabolic genes.Potato (Sol
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In addition, BMI predicted the later balance of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activities (p = 0.07), and not vice versa (p = 0.55). Finally, cytochrome P450 3A4 activity positively predicted later BMI (p = 0.01). Our study suggests that changes in BMI across the normal range predict alterations in HPA axis activity. Therefore, the alterations in HPA axis activity as observed in earlier studies
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Subclinical Vitamin B12 deficiency is a very common entity in the Indian subcontinent with devastating clinical and socio-economic consequences. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of
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The panelists unanimously agreed that adverse event management should be individualized, based on careful consideration of the risks and benefits of each possible intervention and discussion with the patient.
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Digital analysis of pathology whole-slide images is fast becoming a game changer in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Specifically, deep learning methods have shown great potential to support pathology analysis, with recent studies identifying molecular traits that were not previously recognized in pathology H&E whole-slide images. Simultaneous to these developments, it is becoming increasingly evident th
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The aim of this study was to explore how older orphans in youth-headed households (YHHs) experience and respond to maternal death and to examine the strategies they employ to care for their younger siblings. We interviewed 18 older orphans who were purposively selected from YHHs located in informal settlements in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. After the death of their mothers, the orphans lost the family home, l
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Spiro-annulation involving δ-acetoxy allenoate and alkyl benzoisothiazole dioxide (N-sulfonyl ketimine) triggered by DABCO/MeCO2H combination leads to an essentially single diastereomer via chemo- and regiospecific [4 + 2]-carboannulation and a new hydroxyl group is introduced. In contrast, DMAP-catalyzed benzannulation using the same reactants affords unsymmetrical m-teraryls via Mannich coupling, sequentia
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Such risk is influenced by age.Inhaled glucocorticoids (GCs) are drugs widely used as treatment for asthma patients. They prevent the recruitment and activation of lung immune and inflammatory cells and, moreover, have profound effects on airway structural cells to reverse the effects of disease on airway inflammation. GCs bind to a specific receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is a member of the nucle
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This study aimed to explore the effects of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) on the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the retina of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) rats via the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway. In this study, adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham, RIRI, RIRI + NAS a
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Mitochondrial function was reduced after SMF stimulation, although imaging analysis did not reveal substantial changes in the mitochondrial network. Results mainly revealed that SMF compromised healthy astrocytes’ oxidative status and viability. This finding reveals how important is to understand the SMF stimulation at the cellular level since this therapeutic approach has been largely used against neurological and psych
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An adequate integration of the prosthetic materials used to repair abdominal wall defects is necessary for satisfactory outcomes. We aimed to evaluate, in an animal model, the biological behavior of meshes used for abdominal wall surgery. Four groups of 10 rats were separated. After laparotomy, intraperitoneal prostheses were placed 1) Prolene® (polypropylene microporous, heavy-weight), 2) Ultrapro® (polypropylene
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To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a combination of essential oils has been tested as natural preservatives to prevent both microbial proliferation and oxidative deterioration at sufficiently low concentrations.Insect and mite pests are damaging stressors that are threatening the cultivation of tea plants, which result in enormous crop loss. Over the years, the effectiveness of synthetic pesticides has al
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Immunohistochemically, the pancreas of diabetic rats treated with R. mucronata revealed a few islets β-cells (2-3%/ HPF) with positive caspase-3.
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