Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
350,949 thoughts on “Impact of COVID on Racial & Ethnic Minorities”
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9 y) and zone III lengthenings were performed in 21 extremities (mean age=8.6 y). At the most recent follow-up, 100% of zone III lengthening extremities and 88% of zone II lengthening demonstrated decreased severity of ITW. Six extremities required additional treatment, all of which were initially managed with zone II lengthenings.
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Data on the molecular mechanism of male sterility in Prunus mira will facilitate further in-depth investigations on this important agronomic and ecological trait.Piperine is a component of Piper nigrum (Black pepper). It is well known in ayurvedic formulations. Piperine is a bioenhancer as it reduces the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in rodents and thereby enhancing the plasma concentrations of several
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Urea is an inexpensive non-protein nitrogen source commonly supplemented to the diets of ruminants. It is cleaved to ammonia by bacterial ureases, which require Ni as a catalyst for ureolysis. The key event in the changes of the ruminal microbiome after urea supplementation remains unknown. We have therefore investigated changes in the ruminal microbiome and its community with Ni-dependent enzyme genes following urea
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When serious symptoms occur, surgical treatment to resect the bony ridges can relieve the symptoms dramatically.Previous studies indicated that microglia cells upregulate the expression of aldolase C (ALDOC) in melanoma cells. The present study using brain-metastasizing variants from three human melanomas explores the functional role of ALDOC in the formati
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Immobilization of microorganisms capable of degrading specific contaminants significantly promotes bioremediation processes. In this study, innovative and ecofriendly biosorbent-biodegrading biofilms have been developed in order to remediate oil-contaminated water. This was achieved by immobilizing hydrocarbon-degrading gammaproteobacteria and actinobacteria on biodegradable oil-adsorbing carriers, based on
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Post-stroke cognitive deficits and dementia Abstract. Prediction of stroke outcome remains challenging due to a large inter-individual variability. For a long time, research on stroke outcome has been mainly confined to post-stroke motor deficits, whereas post-stroke cognitive decline has been less investigated though being an often reason for dependency and disability. Post-stroke cognitive impairment demonstra
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These specific genetic variations were linked to variability in phage infection patterns obtained from experimental studies, indicating that these genes are key determinants of phage susceptibility. These findings provide novel insights on the molecular mechanisms determining phage susceptibility in F. psychrophilum and emphasizes the importance of phages as drivers of core genomic diversity in this pathogen.Bacteria ar
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The reaggregation process is accompanied by increased expression of IRP1, the antiapoptotic factor BCL2, the inflammation factor NFκB (p65), FTH1 and NGB, as well as by an increase in mitochondrial density. Our data indicate a complex mechanism of iron regulation in sponge structural plasticity and help to better understand general mechanisms of morphogenetic processes
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To identify less readily identifiable patterns of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in negative human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive Papanicolaou (Pap) tests on ThinPrep preparations.
Of all HPV-positive Pap tests that were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) from July 2013 to June 2018, those with HSIL on subsequent histology within 6 months were identif
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Our findings indicate a role of CaM in the regulation of Nav1.8 channel function in cardiac arrhythmias.Although water is essential for photosynthetic activation in lichens, rates of vapor uptake and activation in humid air, which likely influence their niche preferences and distribution ranges, are insufficiently known. This study simultaneously quantifies rehydration kinetics and PSII reactivation in sympatric, yet morph
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While students often depicted strong ties to family, friends, and religious entities, few students expressed ties to the secular institutions that define civic and professional life. Conclusion. The Lifenet View exercise may provide instructors with a way to better understand students’ social circumstances and to identify and address specific gaps in the professional education curriculum. Use of the Lifenet View e
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From the ships engine rooms a recalcitrant wastewater is produced called “bilge” which contains oil, metal working fluids, surfactants, and salinity. This study investigated the treatment of real bilge wastewater in short experiments using the following processes (i) anaerobic digestion with granular sludge and ZVI addition for enhancement of methane production, (ii) activated charcoal addition to biological treatment
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The carbohydrate antigen dimeric Lewis X (DimLex), which accumulates in colonic and liver adenocarcinomas, is a valuable target to develop anti-cancer therapeutics. Using the native DimLex antigen as a vaccine would elicit an autoimmune response against the Lex antigen found on normal, healthy cells. Thus, we aim to study the immunogenic potential of DimLex and search internal epitopes displayed by DimLex that remain to be
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8% and 96.4% for delivery because of preeclampsia within 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. A cutoff of 38 is applicable for ruling out delivery because of preeclampsia in twin pregnancies.Controversies persist regarding the association between blood pressure (BP) and the risks of cognitive impairment and dementia due to inconsistent definitions of BP exposure and varying population characteristics. Here, we searched PubMed and
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This study was undertaken to identify characteristics of follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells and elucidate the mechanisms by which follicular helper T (Tfh) cells convert to Tfr cells. We probed the phenotype of T helper cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and underlying transcriptional regulation using cytokine-induced STAT family factors.
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The electronic structure of Blatter radicals and a series of C(10)-substituted derivatives of 2-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6,1-kl]phenoxazin-3-yl (planar Blatter radicals) containing H, F, Cl, Br, CN, CF3 and OMe substituents was investigated by gas phase UV-photoelectron spectroscopy. The energy of the SOMO of the radicals, determined to be about 6.5 eV, was correlated with their electrochemical oxidation potenti
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Most of death cases were children less than 1-year-old with average age of 7 months. Causes of death were subdural hematoma with skull and ribs fracture.
Identifying risk factors for repeated child abuse help in recognizing child at risk to provide prompt intervention. This study found two factors associated with higher risk of abuse recurrence child age 1-10 years old a
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Sex remains a key biological variable affecting human innate and adaptive immune responses to infection and in pathogenesis of diseases. In malaria, females demonstrate higher concentrations of antibodies and rates of severe adverse events and mortality following malaria vaccination. Although monocytes/macrophages play a crucial role in disease and protection in malaria, no studies have investigated sex differences i
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Tumors with seizures as primary mode of presentation are collectively called Long-term epilepsy associated tumors (LEATs or Epileptomas). The overall survival is good so ‘seizure outcome’ becomes the primary goal rather than neuro-oncological outcome.
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Since the beginning of the millennium, pesticide use has increased dramatically across Asia. However, it is still unclear what drives pesticide use among low-income farmers. We surveyed 275 farmers to investigate their decisions to apply or avoid pesticides on rice farms in southern Sri Lanka. Based on the information from the survey, we applied the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses framework to
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Purpose There is limited evidence available regarding when the best time to extract impacted lower third molars (iLM3). Thus, the current study is aimed to examine the association between the age of patients during the time of extraction of their iLM3 and the sequelae of their adjacent second molar (LM2) in order to find a better time to remove iLM3. Methods Retrospective cohort study was conducted with a total of 15,43
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All academic departments reported that the Veterans Affairs Healthcare Systems plays a significant role in education of medical students, residents, and fellows. Strengths and weaknesses of the Veterans Affairs Healthcare Systems/academic department relationships are identified.The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a s
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In this paper we present the implementation and benchmarking of a Time Dependent Density Functional Theory approach in conjunction with Double Hybrid (DH) functionals. We focused on the analysis of their performance for through space charge-transfer (CT) excitations which are well known to be very problematic for commonly used functionals, such as global hybrids.Two different families of functionals were compared, e
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The rates of mental illness are significantly higher in prison populations compared to the general community; however, little research has examined the rates of mental illness for cross-cultural groups of prisoners in Australia. This omission is concerning given the increasingly diverse nature of the Australian prison population. To address this gap in knowledge, the present study aimed to identify rates of
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Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a neurological disorder characterized by demyelination on the bottom of pons. CPM is known to be the most common clinical presentation of osmotic demyelination syndrome. Osmotic stress formed by rapid correction of hyponatremia in glia cells is thought to be important in pathogenesis. Oligodendroglias are more sensitive to dehydration and volume changes as they are tightly aligned in the
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As different countries grapple with COVID-19, stringent measures aimed at controlling its spread have been put in place. However, these preventive measures coupled with the fear of contracting the disease are likely to have negative effects on the mental health of the general population. We describe the containment measures taken by the government of Uganda and highlight how these measures are likely to impact the mental health of
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INTRODUCTION Estimation of residual apixaban plasma concentrations may be requested in the management of emergencies. This study aims at assessing the performance of specific anti-Xa assays calibrated with apixaban on real-life samples with low apixaban plasma concentrations ( less then 30 ng/mL) and on-treatment ranges, with and without interference of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). METHODS The perf
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This review focused on the recent breakthroughs in plant high temperature responses from an alternative splicing angle. With the inevitable global warming, high temperature triggers plants to change their growth and developmental programs for adapting temperature increase. In the past decades, the signaling mechanisms from plant thermo-sensing to downstream transcriptional cascades have been extensively studied. Plenty
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In the Hengduan Mountains, most populations experienced a bottleneck, whereas the populations located outside of the Hengduan Mountains have gradually declined in size since the end of the last glaciation. In addition, the levels of phenotypic and genetic divergence were strongly correlated across major clades. These results highlight the combined effects of geological events and past climatic fluctuations, as well
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Rigorous analyses of Euclidean distances between non-peptide bonded residues in structures of several thousand naturally occurring folded proteins yielded a surprising “margin of life” for percentage occurrence of individual amino acids in naturally occurring folded proteins. On one hand, the concept of “margin of life”, referring to lower than expected variances in average stoichiometric occurrence
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