Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
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The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the ongoing severe acute respiratory disease pandemic COVID-19. Tissue and cellular tropism is one key to understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. We investigate the expression and subcellular localization of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), within the upper (nasal) and lower (pulmonary) respiratory tracts of human donors using a dive
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Malaria parasites exhibit a complex lifecycle, requiring extensive asexual replication in the liver and blood of the vertebrate host, and in the haemocoel of the insect vector. Yet, they must also undergo a single round of sexual reproduction, which occurs in the vector’s midgut upon uptake of a blood meal. Sexual reproduction is obligate for infection of the vector and thus, is essential for onwards transmissi
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4%-83.2%), which agreed with the lowest test scores. Concerning advanced techniques, videolaryngoscopy prompted the lowest confidence (72.4%-85.9%), while emergency cricothyrotomy resulted in the lowest test scores (47.4%-67.8%). Subjective and objective assessments correlated and lower confidence was associated with lower test scores preoperative planning [r=-.58, P<.001], optimization of basic techniques [r=-.58, P=
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We highlight significant differences between the sexes in the natural history of cardiovascular disease, including those disease entities that are more common in women, such as sudden coronary artery dissection or microvascular dysfunction. Given the rapidly rising incidence of maternal cardiovascular disease and associated complications, special consideration is given to the risk assessment and management of the
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Paediatric patients with cancer and those undergoing haematopoietic cell transplantation are at high risk of bacterial infections. The 8th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-8) convened a Paediatric Group to review the literature and to formulate recommendations for the use of antibiotics according to the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases grading system. The
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To explore regional brain glucose metabolic abnormalities of pretreatment stage I/II extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) patients using positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose integrated with computed tomography (
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To assist policymakers in making adequate decisions to stop the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, accurate forecasting of the disease propagation is of paramount importance. This paper presents a deep learning approach to forecast the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases using bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network applied to multivariate time series. Unlike other forecasting techniques, our proposed approach first group
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L’ensemble des prévalences regroupéesd’IHD était de 64,1 % (95 % IC, 51.0-77.1). Les formes verbales, physiques et sexuelles étaient les IHD les plus fréquemment signalées par les résidents. Le niveau de formation (55,5 %), le sexe (41,7 %) et l’ethnicité (20,6 %) étaient les trois facteurs de risque les plus couramment cités concernant l’IHD.. Les sources les plus communes de l’IHD étaient les parents/amis des patient
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In this review, we focus on the link of neuroinflammation in AD as well as highlight the probable mechanisms of alkaloidal phytochemicals to combat neuroinflammatory aspect of AD.Nanosized particles, with a size of less than 100 nm, have a wide variety of applications in various fields of nanotechnology and biotechnology, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Metal nanoparticles [MNPs] have been synthe
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offered by the chitosan-based copolymer structure for siRNA delivery to broaden treatment modalities in cancer therapy.The development of genetically engineered cell cultures has been suggested as a potential approach for the production of target compounds from medicinal plants. In this study, we generated PAP1 (production of anthocyanin pigment 1)-overexpressing ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) hairy roots to i
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The current literature conjectures that oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in younger patients is an entirely separate entity with a different risk profile. We aimed to uncover the potential risk factors of OSCC and evaluated the long-term outcome in such patients.
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According to the new classification proposed by the recent 2017 World Workshop on Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions, periodontitis, necrotizing periodontal diseases, periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases, and systemic diseases or conditions affecting the periodontal supporting tissues, are considered as separate entities. Scientific evidence has demonstrated that periodontal
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Along with other discoveries, these findings form the basis of our current understanding of MEAD.
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Considering our previous findings on the remarkable activity exhibited by cobalt(III) with 2-acetylpyridine-N(4)-R-thiosemicarbazone (Hatc-R) compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the present study aimed to explored new structure features of the complexes of the type [Co(atc–R)2]Cl, where R = methyl (Me, 1) or phenyl (Ph, 2) (13C NMR, high-resolution mass spectr
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The increasing mandate for fresh-like food products and the possible hazards of chemically preserved foods necessitate the search for alternatives. Bacteriocins represent a promising food biopreservative. In the present study, one hundred enterococci isolates recovered from Egyptian raw cow milk and homemade dairy products were screened for bacteriocin production. The overall detection rate was 10%. Three
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Nutrition is a major factor influencing many aspects of Drosophila melanogaster physiology. However, a wide range of diets, many of which are termed “standard” in the literature, are utilized for D. melanogaster research, leading to inconsistencies in reporting of nutrition-dependent phenotypes across the field. This is especially evident in microbiome studies, as diet has a pivotal role in microbiome compos
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An estimated 40% of pregnancies globally are unintended. Measurement of pregnancy intention in low- and middle-income countries relies heavily on surveys, notably Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), yet few studies have evaluated survey questions. We examined questions for measuring pregnancy intention, which are already in the DHS, and additional questions and investigated associations with maternity care utilis
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Understanding how biodiversity responds to urbanization is challenging, due in part to the single-city focus of most urban ecological research. Here, we delineate continent-scale patterns in urban species assemblages by leveraging data from a multi-city camera trap survey and quantify how differences in greenspace availability and average housing density among 10 North American cities relate to the distribution of eight
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The gas-phase kinetics for the reactions of OH radicals and Cl atoms with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methyl-2-propanol (HF2M2P) were measured at temperatures between 268 and 363 K using the relative rate experimental technique. Methane and acetonitrile were used as reference compounds to measure the rate coefficients of the title reactions. For the reactions of HF2M2P with OH radicals and Cl atoms, the rate
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