Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
275,297 thoughts on “Impact of COVID on Racial & Ethnic Minorities”
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Oleanolic acid treatment also altered the expression of 12 genes involved in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG）pathways of complement and coagulation cascades, hematopoietic cell lineage, and leukocyte transendothelial migration in intestinal epithelial cells to improve gut immunity.
Intake of OA can contribute beneficial effects by optimizing gut microbiota and altering t
KrygerWalton5814
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Extensive experiments performed mostly in a variety of animal models convincingly demonstrated the protective effect of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies administered by the mucosal route. Because of the independence of the mucosal and systemic compartments of the immune system, antibodies from the circulation are not effectively transported in sufficient quantities into external secreti
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Take terbuthylazine as an example, its half-life significantly increased from 31.8 days to 45.2 days in the presence of 10 g L-1 microplastics. Besides, PE microplastics had little impact on the behavior of the pesticides in the water-sediment system. The findings of this study indicated that PE could adsorb pesticides through partitioning, thus influencing the persistence of the pesticides in water. V.The aim of the
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the possible relation between ME/CFS symptoms and hypermobility, IH, and craniocervical obstructions in a portion of patients with ME/CFS. If our findings are confirmed, new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this widespread neurological syndrome should be considered.We propose that multiple sclerosis (MS) is best characterized as a syndrome rather than a single disease because different patho
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We report the draft genome sequences of five novel Bacillus strains isolated from five different batches of fermented Napa cabbage kimchee. Strains TNC1(2019), TNC3(2019), and TNW1(2019) were identified as Bacillus subtilis, while TNC2(2019) and TNW2(2019) were identified as Bacillus velezensis.We isolated a strain of Lactobacillus nenjiangensis named SH-Y15 from traditional suan-cai used in northeastern China because i
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1 μM); 2. fast current activation and fast desensitization, present in 15% of human MDMs; 3. fast activation current followed by biphasic desensitization, observed in 15% of human MDMs. Both rapid and biphasic desensitization kinetics resemble those observed for the recombinant human P2X1 receptor expressed in oocytes. These data demonstrate, for the first time, the co-expression of P2X1, P2X4, and P2X7 transcripts and
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This study identifies novel epigenetic loci associated with serum 25(OH)D status. Interestingly, also, a positive association between vitamin D and DNA methylation in the CRC context is found, suggesting a role in CRC. Further studies are warranted to clarify and replicate these results.
This study identifies novel epigenetic loci associated with serum 25(OH)D status. Interestingly, also, a positiv
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tool will enable efficient prioritization of genetic variants identified as eQTL for further studies to validate their causal regulatory function. Ultimately, identifying causal genetic variants will further our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease and the eventual development of potential therapeutic targets.Multiple strategies may be used when counteracting loss of balance during w
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Moreover, JA-deficient opr7-5opr8-2 mutant displayed enhanced resistance to GSR compared to wild type. Together, these results provide strong evidence that ZmJAZ15 plays a pivotal role, whereas ZmCOIa and endogenous JA itself might function as susceptibility factors, in maize immunity to GSR.The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of thymol and carvacrol added to edible starch films an
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01, OR 0.55). There was no significant difference in the incidence of bleeding requiring transfusion between AF and no AF cohorts (29.3 vs. 24.2%, p = 0.09, OR 1.15). LOS was shorter in patients with AF (32.9 vs. 36.7 mean days, p less then 0.001). Patients with AF had lower in-hospital mortality (8.9 vs. 14.9%, p less then 0.001, OR 0.48). In a large real-world US
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generation as well as higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-2 and TNFα in serum.
We conclude that the key regulator of MHCII expression, Mhc2ta, modulates neuroinflammation, αsyn-seeded Lewy-like pathology, dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor impairment. This makes Mhc2ta and microglial antigen presentation promising therapeutic targets for reducing the progre
StrongWrenn4953
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be useful in the prediction of novel telomerase / helicase, topoisomerase and NA polymerase dependent drugs.A total of 26 compounds based on osthole skeleton were designed, synthesized. Their cytoprotective abilities of antioxidation, anti-inflammation and Aβ42(Amyloid β-protein 42)-induced neurotoxicity were evaluated by MTT assays. Mechanism of the action of selected compounds were investig
FossKlinge8727
Avapritinib cell line
This study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of taniborbactam (VNRX-5133), a novel broad-spectrum bicyclic boronate, against NDM-1 and Q119E, Q119K, Q119C, Q119F, Q119V, and Q119Y NDM-1 variants, which showed an increased activity towards some β-lactams, including cefepime.
Inhibition kinetic assays were spectrophotometrically performed using cefepime (50 μM) as
SilvermanBuch8377
BB-94 in vivo
Further studies reveal that the chemical stability of the metal oxide coating layer plays a critical role in influencing the redox behavior, and improving kinetics of organic electrodes. This study opens a new avenue for developing high-energy organic SIBs with performance equivalent to inorganic counterparts.The aim of this eighth Science of Salt outcomes review is to identify, summarize, and critically appraise studie
LuJoseph0102
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for trend < 0.001), and 365-day (third tertile group versus first tertile group HR, 95% CI 2.063, 1.717-2.480;
for trend < 0.001) all-cause mortality in patients with CAD. Subgroup analysis did not find obvious interaction in most subgroups.
NPAR was independently correlated with 30-day, 60
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Children born extremely preterm (EP, less then 28 weeks’ gestation) or extremely low birth weight (ELBW, less then 1,000 g) are a vulnerable population at high risk of working memory impairments. We aimed to examine changes in the brain structural connectivity networks thought to underlie working memory performance, after completion of a working memory training program (Cogmed) compared with a placebo progr
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Almost half of the respondents (48.6%) stated they had private expenditures for IPF medication, physician visits, hospital services, medical tests, or other IPF-related reasons.
IPF management requires regular contact with healthcare services and uptake of specific medical tests. Considering the high proportion of patients bearing out-of-pocket costs, along with the decline of inc
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Approximately 40% of hypoxemic term/near-term neonates are nonresponders to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). Phenotypic characterization of patients less likely to respond may improve diagnostic precision and therapeutic decisions. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of neonates born ≥35 weeks gestation with hypoxemia who received iNO in the first 72 h of life and classified them into responders and nonresponders ac
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Transpapillary biliary drainage in ERCP is an established method for symptomatic treatment of patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage frequently remains the treatment of choice when the transpapillary approach proves ineffective. Recently, EUS-guided extra-anatomical anastomoses of bile ducts to the gastrointestinal tract have bee
McGrawDalsgaard8452
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The aim of this Review is to summarize current knowledge on non-classic and emerging causes of hypopituitarism, so as to help clinicians improve early identification, avoid life-threatening events and improve the clinical care and quality of life of patients at risk of hypopituitarism.Ionising radiation induced DNA damage and subsequent biological responses to it depend on the radiation’s tra
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Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been recognized as a strong predictor of mortality among hemodialysis patients. However, differences in the association of HRQoL with survival across diverse racial/ethnic groups have not been well studied in this population.
Observational cohort study.
We examined the relationship betwe
HamrickSkytte5678
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By moving average method, endoscopists reached a mean ADR of 20% at 216 and 261 procedures over blocks of 50 and 100 procedures, respectively. The total number of procedures, number of daily procedures, patient age and gender, bowel preparation, sedation, and diverticulosis were significantly associated with adenoma detection.
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WieseHolloway5982
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CONCLUSION Since the proposed target reliability index is based on the strength limit state of the vertebral column, it can be considered as a reliability level for any proposed treatment approaches.BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer in sub-Saharan Africa, and it is also the cancer disease that most women die from. The high mortality rate is partly due to low attendance rates to screenin
SkovbjergStewart5829
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Certainly, arterial stiffness happens to be seen as an important, separate determinant of heart problems danger. Extra, important info concerning the mechanisms underlying arterial stiffening has come from longitudinal researches of arterial rigidity. More recently, interest has centered on the role of peripheral, muscular arteries in cor
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Economically important traits are usually complex traits influenced by genes, environment and genotype-by-environment (G × E) interactions. Ignoring G × E interaction could lead to bias in the estimation of breeding values and selection decisions. A total of 1,778 pigs were genotyped using the PorcineSNP80 BeadChip. The existence of G × E interactions was investigated using a single-step reaction norm model for growth trait
DonaldsonWilliford2009
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settings can significantly improve the decision-making process.The implementation of the immune checkpoint blockade as a therapeutic option in contemporary oncology is one of the significant immunological achievements in the last century. Constantly accumulating evidence suggests that the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is not universal. Therefore, it is critical to identify determinants for res
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onment. The present study also revealed that a high level of exposure to terror and a lack of social and psychological support after a terrorist event could impede individuals’ participation in similar surveys in the short term.BACKGROUND Various ecological groups of earthworms very likely constitute sharply isolated niches that might permit speciation of their symbiotic ciliates, even though no distinct morphological fea
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tween catheter insertion and catheter failure was longer in the innovation group compared with the standard group (50·4 [IQR 29·6-69·4] h vs 30·0 [16·6-52·6] h; p=0·0017). Minor skin reactions occurred in nine (2%) patients in the chlorhexidine plus alcohol group and seven (1%) patients in the povidone iodine plus alcohol group.
For skin antisepsis, chlorhexidine plus alcohol
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4±5355.7, 1068.4±269.1, 730.2±425.2, and 303.1±240.1IU/L; the ascitic lipase concentrations were 2279.8±3395.2, 169.5±100.6, 90.4±71.0, and 86.8±59.8IU/L. The ascitic amylase and lipase levels were significantly lower in the hydrogel group than in the other groups (P<.05).
This novel hydrogel sheet effectively prevents pancreatic fistulas and has promising clinical appli
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Cancer diagnosis and treatment are long-term traumatic stressors. Depression and anxiety are known to be prevalent in patients with cancer, but post-traumatic disorder (PTSD) has been overlooked frequently in this population. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of PTSD and examined the mediating role of hope in the relationship between perceived stress and PTSD symptoms in Chinese patients with oral cance
EnnisBlanchard5785
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The 7-year distant metastasis-free survival rates were 100% vs 89.1% in the Tomotherapy and IMRT arm respectively (P = 0.028). In conclusion, Tomotherapy improved acute skin toxicity compared with forward IMRT-SIB. Chronic skin complication was 1.9%. IMRT-SIB resulted in good long-term survival.Single substances within complex vertebrate chemical signals could be physiologically or behaviourally active. However, th
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d resources is crucial. The most important element of the shared infrastructure is the pragmatic platform. While it may be the most challenging of the elements to establish, it may provide the greatest benefit to both patients and researchers.
To assess dental age and deviations of dental from chronological age according to the Willems and Cameriere methods (European formula) in patients
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This finding indicates that an intervention that incorporates the training and competition aspects of sport may promote positive outcomes that are above and beyond those that can be gained from participation in recreational physical activity. Objective measurements on larger samples across a broader range of sports are required to confirm and extend these findings.Objectives While sleep research in athl
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Proteins generally tend to aggregate with less desirable properties in numerous solvents, which is one of the major challenges in the development of solvents for functional proteins. This work aims to utilize fluorescence spectroscopy and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to understand the effects of ionic liquids (ILs) on the fluorescence and aggregation behavior of superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfG
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OBJECTIVE Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women world-wide. In North America survival rates are >80%, resulting in a large population of survivors. The goal of this review was to systematically explore the literature to identify the status of body image and factors that can impact the body image of older breast cancer survivors. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted and r
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Schoenoplectus showed both high net and gross NH4+ uptake, thereby being the most effective species to address N loading, compared to Iris and Phragmites. This work contributes to improve our mechanistic understanding of the role of emergent macrophytes on nutrient retention in aquatic environments.Deep-blue emitters are greatly desirable for preparing white light-emitting diodes and enhancing the c
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Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to compare rates of VTE recurrence over time based on the presence or absence of MetS and its individual components. RESULTS A total of 72,936 patients were included in this analysis. The most common MetS component was hypertension with a prevalence of 59%, followed by hyperlipidemia (41%), diabetes mellitus (24%) and obesity (22%). 69% of patients had at least 1 comorbid component
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The survival of patients with alcohol-related liver disease who receive a liver transplant has steadily improved to reach 80-85% at 1 year post-transplantation. The standard requirement for liver transplant-abstinence from alcohol for 6 months before transplantation-has been applied widely, but few data support the use of this rule as the sole criterion for selecting c
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rve as a reliable proxy for ancestry for only a short time, especially if the trait is determined by few loci. It follows that a social categorization based on such a trait is increasingly uninformative about genetic ancestry and about other traits that differed between source populations at the onset of admixture.
To test the impact of a multicomponent behavioral intervention to reduce the use o
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Satellite cell proliferation is an essential step in proper skeletal muscle development and muscle regeneration. However, the mechanisms regulating satellite cell proliferation are relatively unknown compared to the knowledge associated with the differentiation of satellite cells. Moreover, it is still unclear whether overload muscle fiber hypertrophy is dependent on satellite cell proliferation. In gener
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The primary outcome was ICU length of stay.
There was a significant decrease in ICU length of stay when comparing the year after the protocol initiation to years prior, from a median of 6.19 days to 4 days (2017 vs. 2019,
< 0.0001), and a median of 5.88 days to 4 days (2018 vs. 2019,
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Overall, our data suggested that oHSV reshapes the TME of PDAC by boosting the immune activity and leads to improved responsiveness of PDAC to immunotherapy.Towards the repair of damaged tissues, numerous scaffolds have been fabricated to recreate the complex extracellular matrix (ECM) environment to support desired cell behaviors; however, it is often challenging to design scaffolds with the requisite cell-anchorage sites
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