Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
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We assessed SARS-CoV-2 humoral responses pre-vaccine
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a global disorder that negatively affects mood and quality of life. Antidepressant medication and psychotherapy are the most commonly prescribed treatments, but prior research has called their clinical efficacy into question. These treatments may be less effective when the patient has a diagnosed comorbid disorder.
A systematic review of the liter
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Mosquitoes are insects of medical importance due their role as vectors of different pathogens to humans. There is a lack of information about the evolutionary history and phylogenetic positioning of the majority of mosquito species. Here we characterized the mitogenomes of mosquito species through low-coverage whole genome sequencing and data mining. A total of 37 draft mitogenomes of different sp
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Results from this study show racial disparities in
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Accurate and timely prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia is cornerstone to the success of thalassemia control; currently parents are screened for ß-thalassemia mutations by ARMS-PCR and subsequently chorionic villus sampling is done. We did an audit to ascertain whether the present design is adequate and determined the role of sequencing for pre-natal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia. This was a retrospective analysis of
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BACKGROUND Geographical variation in morphological traits may reflect evolutionary patterns of morphological adaptability along environmental gradients. Comprehensive information on longitudinal patterns of morphological trait variation is very meaningful to explore morphological diversity and evolutionary trends in widespread bermudagrass. METHODS To explore the spatial patterns of morphological traits, we investig
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To create a sleep duration classification technique for waist-worn ActiGraph accelerometers in preschool-aged children.
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Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is known for its refreshing quality, though its sensory attributes have never been related to its perceived refreshment. Modified quantitative descriptive analysis by a trained panel was used to examine the sensory profile of seven watermelon varieties. Eleven attributes including perceived refreshing intensity were measured on a 0-10 line scale using chemical references. Watermelon samples
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In Japanese medical schools, the number of class meetings teaching Kampo medicine has increased; however, this number is not statistically significant. Persistent problems in Kampo education, including curriculum standardisation, need to be addressed.
In Japanese medical schools, the number of class me
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The objective of the present study was to analyze the reasons that led to hormone therapies (HTs) regimen changes in women with breast cancer.
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Data were collected from 38 consecutive postpartum women diagnosed with panic disorder. Psychiatric assessments were carried out on the first day after delivery and at 6-8 weeks postpartum. During the first assessme
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Conclusions In conclusion, we provide preliminary evidence that both LF-rTMS and high-frequency-rTMS might be relatively effective and safe treatment for post-stroke aphasics. However, LF-rTMS mainly plays a short-term role in subacute post-stroke aphasics. Longer-term and large-scale studies are essential to explore the effect of rTMS with different frequencies on post-stroke aphasia.To ascertain the relationship between the perimetric diff
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Cutaneous toxicities are the most prevalent immune-related adverse events. Various reactions have been reported. In this review, we summarized the clinicopathologic manifestations, treatment strategies, relevance to tumor outcomes, and rechallenge considerations of cutaneous immune-related adverse events.In this paper, the shapes of the electrodes are modified based on a rectilinear ion trap to achieve unidirectional
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Among a sample of women who were depressed during pregnancy, 19% had probably moderate to severe depression, at the beginning of the child’ second year of life. Low maternal confidence was associated with previous low maternal confidence (OR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.332.20, p = less then 0.001) and vaginal delivery but not with previous PPD. Based on our findings, detection and treatment of women presenting confidence
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These combined results provide biochemical insight regarding CrOMT2 in vitro and indicate the in vitro cytotoxicity of the products methylated by its catalytic reaction.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 90% of the global population and is associated with a variety of tumors including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, natural killer/T lymphoma, and gastric carcinoma. In EBV-associated gastric
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No complications of fluid overload from hydration were encountered. There was a significant association between age and decrease in eGFR, but this was not significant when stratified by drop in eGFR category. No statistical significance was found between decrease in eGFR and gender or race. Higher baseline eGFR was less likely to be associated with decrease in eGFR after imaging. Type of hydration was not related to a d
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has placed a great burden on critical care services worldwide. Data regarding critically ill COVID-19 patients and their demand of critical care services outside of initial COVID-19 epicenters are lacking. This study described clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients and the capacity of a COVID-19-dedicated intensive care unit (ICU) in Kobe, Jap
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This review will outline current knowledge at the drug-microbiota interface, and present ML as a technique for examining and forecasting personalised drug-microbiome interactions. When harnessed effectively, ML could alter how the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare professionals consider the drug-microbiome axis in patient care.Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss; there i
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We suggest that the most important impact of CRP studies may lie in their ability to connect individuals across sectors and help to build diverse communities of practice around important issues at the science-policy interface.Conspicuous coloration displayed by animals that express sexual colour dimorphism is generally explained as an adaptation to sexual selection, yet the interactions and relative effects
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Labor pain is a severe pain, and intrathecal opioid injection is one of the analgesia methods to reduce it.
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In this double-blind, randomized clinical trial, 54 healthy nulliparous women 18 – 45 years in t
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Some secondary metabolites produced by fungi are carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, and/or cause birth defects in humans and animals. We developed and optimised bio-analytical tools for detection of metabolites, aflatoxins and evaluated the effectiveness of the methods in co-infected maize tissues. Isolate KSM012 (atoxigenic) demonstrated no peaks and no blue fluorescence on HPLC and TLC plates respectively confirming non-toxicity.
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Thus, a better understanding of the underlying mechanism is crucial for future research and development of novel therapeutical approaches. Here, we summarize the current findings on NLRX1 and discuss its role in both infectious and inflammatory context.Stage conversion is a critical life cycle feature for several Apicomplexan parasites as the ability to switch between life forms is critical for replication, disseminat
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Background The European region achieved interruption of malaria transmission during the 1970s. Since then, malaria control programs were replaced by surveillance systems in order to prevent possible re-emergence of this disease. Sporadic cases of non-imported malaria were recorded in several European countries in the past decade and locally transmitted outbreaks of Plasmodium vivax, most probably supported by Anopheles
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