Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
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Two different surgical techniques have been described for performing caudal maxillectomies in dogs including the intraoral (IO) and combined dorsolateral and intraoral (DL-IO) approach. Hemorrhage is the most common intraoperative complication reported during these procedures as maxillary arterial ligation is not performed until after all osteotomies and mobilization of tumor-
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Objectives Sapovirus is increasingly recognized as an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, however studies of prevalence, genetic diversity and strain-specific clinical implications have been scarce. Methods To fill this knowledge gap, we used reverse transcription real-time PCR and sequencing of the partial major capsid protein VP1 gene to analyze stool specimens and rectal swabs ob
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These facts can help educators to consider the application of the Cabri 3D program in mathematics education in the future.Men and women respond differently to infectious diseases. Women show less morbidity and mortality, partially due to the differences in sex hormone levels which can influence the immune response. Torque teno virus (TTV) is non-pathogenic and ubiquitously present in serum from a large proportion (
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As there continue to be no clear options for the treatment of COVID-19, the identification of potential candidates has become a necessity. The present investigation focuses on the in silico pharmacological activity of Calotropis gigantea, a large shrub, as a potential option for COVID-19 Mpro inhibition and includes an ADME/T profile analysis of that ligand. For this study, with the help of gas chromatography-mass spect
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No differences in carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were detected. This study showed that patients with declared β-lactam allergy had a higher risk of ESBL carriage in ICU at admission and discharge. V.OBJECTIVES In the “REWIND” study, we sought to describe the real world clinical and prescribing practice of urinary tract infections (UTI) management in Italy, Belgium, Russia, and Brazil, in orde
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Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the most widely deployed vector control intervention in sub-Saharan Africa to prevent malaria. Recent reports indicate selection of pyrethroid insecticide resistance is widespread in mosquito vectors. This paper explores risk factors associated with malaria infection prevalence and vector density between mass
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rence of high SI on MRI, seems to be essential for postoperative functional improvement regardless the above-mentioned confounders.Level of Evidence 3.
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Our findings indicate that the extract acts as a cell cycle inhibitor or apoptosis inducer, according to the level of damage. The present work provides new insights into the usage of Rhus coriaria extracts against skin injuries.INTRODUCTION The World Health Organisation recommends HIV self-testing as an alternative testing method to help reach underserved populations, such as men in sub-Saharan Africa. Successful imple
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This indicates that the associations observed are not solely due to selection. Conclusions Parents bereaved by the drug-related death of a child had a higher mortality than both non-bereaved parents and parents bereaved by other causes of death. Drug-death bereaved parents had particularly high external cause mortality. Our results indicate that losing a child to a drug-related death is associated with adverse health outcome
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Intestinal-type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is clinicopathologically distinctive. Our research aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the development and progression of the intestinal-type IPMN. In 60 intestinal-type IPMN specimens, histological transitions from gastric-type epithelia to intestinal-type epithelia were observed in 48 cases (80%). CDX2/MUC2/alcian blue triple staini
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The diabetes/sex/FPG interaction term was significant for all obesity-related indices, including body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, lipid accumulation product, body roundness index, conicity index, body adiposity index and abdominal volume index. B-spline comparisons between males and females did not reach significance. However, FPG affected the trend
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v. therapy (risk ratio [RR] 0.38, 95% confidence interval, confidence interval [CI] 0.20-0.74; p = 0.004; I2 0%). IE relapse rates were similar (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.29-1.37; p = 0.24; I2 0%). CONCLUSION Data comparing POT with standard care in IE is limited and to date only one sufficiently powered stand-alone trial exists to support its use. In this meta-analysis POT was non-inferior to i.v. th
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Several operant responses are available, depending on the species studied. For example, a lever press or a nose poke response typically is used for rodents, whereas a panel press response typically is used for nonhuman primates. In this chapter we describe a simple and easily reproducible protocol of heroin-seeking reinstatement in rats, which proved useful to study the neurobiological mechanisms underlying relapse to heroin and vulnerability
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Although it is necessary to conduct more clinical investigation.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a subfamily of small noncoding RNAs that play a variety of roles in regulating gene expression in nearly all organisms. They affect different biological pathways by post-transcriptionally regulating mRNAs. Aside from miRNAs’ role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, their perturbation is related to several pathologic states and di
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Earth deformation at the diurnal tidal frequencies includes the resonant tidal-forcing response caused by the Free Core Nutation (FCN), a retrograde mode related to the slight misalignment of the rotation axes of the outer core and mantle. We analyse data from four underground high-sensitivity laser extensometers, whose signal-to-noise ratio in the diurnal tidal band is particularly high, and provide an alternative independen
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BACKGROUND The standard treatment for patients with unresectable locally advanced (LA) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Consolidation therapy with durvalumab after CRT demonstrated survival benefits and was approved in Japan in July 2018. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is entering routine oncological practice, and here we investigate the feasibility of co
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Background Globally, 1.7 million people were newly infected with HIV in 2018. Condoms are inexpensive, cost-effective, reduce HIV/STI incidence, morbidity, mortality, and unintended pregnancies, and result in health care cost savings. Given the rapid increase in at-risk adolescent and young adult (AYA) populations in countries with high HIV/STI prevalence as well as the reductions in donor support, promoting co
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IntroductionIn today’s fast-paced digital age, digital marketing has become a cornerstone for companies aiming to connect with a broader audience. Whether you are a advertising expert or a business owner seeking to increase your online visibility, understanding the nuances of digital marketing is vital. This guide will navigate you through the key aspects of digital marketing.
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The axillary intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) is frequently used in selected patients for circulatory support as a bridge to heart transplantation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of axillary intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) support for heart transplant candidates.
The study investigators collected data on 133 patients who underwe
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AFP, ALP, DB, PNI, and γ-GT/ALT were independent risk factors for predicting micro-BDTT (P = 0.036, P = 0.004, P = 0.013, P = 0.012, and P = 0.006, respectively), which were assembled into the nomograms. The area under the ROC curve of the nomograms combining PNI and γ-GT/ALT for predicting micro-BDTT was 0.804 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.730-0.878). The sensitivity and specificity values when used in predicting micro-BDTT bef
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In addition to the phylogenetic analysis, pathogenicity assays revealed differential responses to these isolates on four pear cultivars Anjou, Bartlett, Comice, and Bosc. Inoculation of isolates within Alternaria sect. Alternata resulted in fruit lesions across all cultivars, with Bosc pear being significantly susceptible (P less then 0.0001). Isolates within Alternaria sect. Ulocladioides caused rots on
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High grade gliomas are malignant brain tumors that arise in the central nervous system, in patients of all ages. Currently, the standard of care, entailing surgery and chemo radiation, exhibits a survival rate of 14-17 months. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies for these malignant brain tumors. Currently, immunotherapies represent an appealing approach to treat malignant gliomas, as the pre-clinical dat
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Conclusion Hydrocele affects both sperm count and motility, but it has no effects on ICSI outcomes. Clinical pregnancy rate was comparable in patients with or without hydrocele. Hence, the surgical management of hydrocele before ICSI is not recommended. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences.Context In in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, the recommended dose of recombinant human chorionic go
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There is an agreement about joint genetic and environmental background of musical reception and performance. Musical abilities tend to cluster in families. The studies done on a random population, twins and families of gifted musicians provided a strong support for genetic contribution. Modern biomolecular techniques exploring linkage analysis, variation of gene copy number, scanning for whole-genome exp
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A redox active Ni-Pd alloy nanocluster [Ni22-xPd20+x(CO)48]6- (x = 0.62) ([1]6-) was obtained from the redox condensation of [NBu4]2[Ni6(CO)12] with 0.7-0.8 equivalents of Pd(Et2S)2Cl2 in CH2Cl2. Conversely, [Ni29-xPd6+x(CO)42]6- (x = 0.09) ([2]6-) and [Ni29+xPd6-x(CO)42]6- (x = 0.27) ([3]6-) were obtained by employing [NEt4]2[Ni6(CO)12] and 0.6-0.7 equivalents of Pd(Et2S)2Cl2 in CH3CN. The molecular structures of these
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Phantom limb pain is thought to be sustained by reentrant neural pathways, which provoke dysfunctional reorganization in the somatosensory cortex. We hypothesized that disrupting reentrant pathways with a 6-day-long continuous peripheral nerve block reduces phantom pain 4 weeks after treatment. We enrolled patients who had an upper- or lower-limb amputation and established phantom pain. Each was randomized to receiv
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