Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
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Rituximab is a standard treatment for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (GML). We sought to compare the effectiveness and safety of subcutaneous and intravenous rituximab in a retrospective case-control study.
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This paper reviews the historical evolution of the language and organization surrounding the health of personnel in the British Army from ‘hygiene’ through to ‘wellbeing’. It starts by considering the health of the army in the mid-nineteenth century and the emergence of military hygiene as a professional subject. It continues by looking at advances in military hygiene in the two world wars. Hygiene was
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Carbohydrate sulfotransferases 11 (chst11) is one of the enzymes that synthesize chondroitin sulfate (CS), which has extensive immune functions in vitro and plays a critical role in mediating the infection of host by pathogenic microorganisms. However, whether it has immune functions in crayfish is still poorly understood. In our previous study of transcriptome, chst11 was differe
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LATS1 knockdown inhibited the phosphorylation of YAP in BHT101 cells and promoted the nuclear translocation of YAP. Whereas, miR-103a-3p downregulation reversed the inhibitory effect of LATS1 knockdown on the Hippo signaling pathway. Moreover, overexpression of LATS1 induced YAP phosphorylation in K1 cells and inhibits nuclear translocation of YAP, and the upregulation of miR-103a-3p reversed this effect. The knockdown of
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Complex dynamical systems rely on the correct deployment and operation of numerous components, with state-of-the-art methods relying on learning-enabled components in various stages of modeling, sensing, and control at both offline and online levels. This article addresses the runtime safety monitoring problem of dynamical systems embedded with neural-network components. A runtime safety state estimator in the form of
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P2X7 is an important ligand-gated ion channel expressed in multiple immune cell populations. This study aimed to investigate the chemical requirements of triterpenoid glycosides within a new binding pocket to characterize the structure-activity relationship. A set of glycosides were screened for positive modulator activity at human P2X7 using a YO-PRO-1 dye uptake assay in HEK-293
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Thus, Cs3Cu2I5 NCs are demonstrated as efficient scintillators with zero self-absorption and extremely high light yield (≈79 279 photons per MeV). Both Cs3Cu2I5 NC colloidal solution and film exhibit strong radioluminescence under X-ray irradiation. The potential application of Cs3Cu2I5 NCs as reabsorption-free, low cost, large area, and flexible scintillators is demonstrated by a prototype X-ray imagin
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Parathyroid tumors are the second most common endocrine neoplasia after thyroid neoplasia. They are mostly associated with impaired parathormone (PTH) synthesis and release determining the metabolic and clinical condition of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). PHPT is the third most prevalent endocrine disorder, mainly affecting postmenopausal women. Parathyroid benign tumors, both adenomas of a single gland or hyp
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Dispositional optimism is robustly associated with psychological wellbeing, and individuals with lower optimism tend to experience more depressive and anxiety symptoms. While mechanisms in this relationship such as coping and social integration have been explored, limited research has examined whether the self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt account for the association between dispositional optimism
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Thyroid autoantibodies are variably present and are not clearly related to the risk or progression of thyroid dysfunction following treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Observational data suggest that development of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated thyroiditis may predict improved survival. CONCLUSIONS Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated thyroiditis is a distinct clinical entity. Mechanisms un
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Our previous study showed that parenteral anticoagulation therapy (PACT) in the context of aggressive antiplatelet therapy failed to improve clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). However, the role of PACT in patients managed medically remains unknown. This observational cohort study enrolled patients with
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