Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
401,833 thoughts on “Impact of COVID on Racial & Ethnic Minorities”
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There were no significant differences between the groups in deep venous thrombosis, phlebitis, hematomas, pain, and infection. However, skin pigmentation and paresthesia were statistically significantly better with RFiTT than with HLS. At 12 months, both groups showed similar improvement from baseline in Venous Clinical Severity Score (1.28 ± 0.57 in the RFiTT group vs 1.33 ± 0.61 in the HLS group) an
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Following adjustment for time of day, day of week, and antepartum risk score, the difference-in-difference estimator demonstrated a 5.8% (95% CI 1.5-10.0) increase in cesarean deliveries performed by obstetricians at MHRH compared with cesarean deliveries done at CRH after accounting for baseline differences and temporal trends. No significant differences were observed for family physicians. No significant differen
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97 cm (±1.69). Mean anesthesia time, EBL, and LOS were 213 minutes (± 38.92), 152 mL (± 130.75), and 43 hours (± 12.64), respectively. All surgical margins were negative. No surgical complications were reported. Median follow-up was 19.0 months [interquartile range, IQR 12.7-30.0]. Five patients out of 12 recurred following robotic excision, these were treated with either systemic therapy, radiation, or palliative surg
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RESULTS The serum NLR was higher in the patient group than in the control group (p=0.033). The patients with disease recurrence had higher body mass index and MMP-9 levels, but the results were not statistically significant. Moreover, the patients with a high NLR had a high risk of disease progression (odds ratio [OR]=13.046, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.057-161.18, p=0.045), whereas the patients with a hig
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Background Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a leading cause of graft failure in cardiac transplant recipients. Progression of intimal thickening noted during routine surveillance intracoronary imaging is associated with the development of CAV. However, mechanisms of CAV development are poorly understood and targets for therapy modification remain elusive. We investigated the association of neovessels (INs) within
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BYSL, which encodes the human bystin protein, is a sensitive marker for astrocyte proliferation during brain damage and inflammation. Previous studies have revealed that BYSL has important roles in embryo implantation and prostate cancer infiltration. However, the role and mechanism of BYSL in glioblastoma (GBM) cell migration and invasion remain unknown. We found that knockdown of BYSL inhibited cell migr
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Mechanistically, hesperidin treatment enhanced the miR-149 expression level by reducing its promoter methylation by inhibiting DNMT1. Importantly, knockdown of miR-149 obviously abolished the biological roles of hesperidin.
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Objective To find out a better criterion to identify septic shock patients after flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy (FUL). Materials and Methods In total, 2364 patients who underwent the FUL procedure were enrolled in the study. The demographics and preoperative results of laboratory tests of the patients were collected. The postoperative white blood cell (WBC), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and quick seq
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OBJECTIVE To determine patient and perioperative characteristics associated with unexpected postoperative clinical deterioration as determined for the need of a postoperative emergency response team (ERT) activation. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. SETTING Tertiary academic hospital. PARTICIPANTS Patients who underwent general anaesthesia discharged to regular wards between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2015 and required ERT activatio
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Further analysis with competitive nucleosome binding assays reveal that ΔNp63 can bind directly to nucleosome edges with significant binding inhibition occurring within 50bp of the nucleosome dyad.
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Introduction Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a non-melanocytic skin malignancy arising from basal cells of epidermis or follicular structures. Etiology of BCC is a multifactorial combination of genotype, phenotype, and environmental factors. There are several clinical variants of BCC including nodular, cystic, superficial, morphoeic, keratotic, pigmented and micronodular. Aim The aim of our study was to analyze the r
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RESULTS Combination treatment with catalpol and rhein significantly alleviated the clinical disability and neurological dysfunction of mice with EAE. Catalpol and rhein treatment also reduced the infiltration of pro-inflammatory T cells into pathological lesions; significantly increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory factors GATA3, Foxp3, IL-4, and IL-10; and significantly decreased the expressio
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Although this is a promising genetic engineering topic in the field of nanopharmacogenomics or targeted nucleic vaccines, there are limited but continuously enriched in vivo data in depth of time regarding their safety, efficacy, and immune response. In the current paper we expand the limited published data in the field of ribosome machinery and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA fragment vaccines interaction by describing their functional
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