Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
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Purpose. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to explore the effect of protein intake on the prevention and improvement of sarcopenia. Methods. We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and EMBASE from inception to 20 May 2021. Two authors independently selected studies, assessed the quality of included studies, and extracted data. Any disagreement was resolved by discussion with a third
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Using the parameterized susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model, we simulated the spread dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and impact of different control measures, conducted the sensitivity analysis to identify the key factor, plotted the trend curve of effective reproductive number (R), and performed data fitting after the simulation. By simulation and data fit
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These discoveries have led to the development of clinical assays that permit the detection and monitoring of mutant NPM1 and have paved the way for future investigation of targeted therapeutics using emerging cutting-edge techniques.Behçet’s disease (BD) is a recurrent, multisystemic, inflammatory blood vessel disorder that can result in mouth, genital, and skin ulcers; arthritis; and eye and intest
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The nitrite and S-nitrosothiols levels in lettuce radicles showed a direct dose response to CuO NP application, which may indicate nitric oxide-dependent signaling pathways in the plant responses. Therefore, the results demonstrated that at low concentrations (≤ 20 μg mL-1) of CuO NPs, beneficial effects are obtained from seedlings, enhancing plant growth, and the involvement of nitric oxide signaling in the phytotoxic e
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Embedded Personalization Is a Fundamental Aspect of Driver’s License Production
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There was no significant difference in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene between undifferentiated and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. However, the expression of dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene was markedly increased (p less then 0.05) in differentiated cells with 3% serum and RA only when compared to undifferentiated cells. In conclusion, to terminally differentiate SH-SY5Y cells to be used a
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, then declared to be a pandemic associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. It has shown to exhibit a vast array of symptoms, among which fever, shortness of breath, and cough are the most commonly reported. Lymphadenopathy and tonsillar enlargement is
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* Correspondence cgwu@mail […].In this study, bamboo was treated with an optimized surface furfurylation process. With this process, dimensionally stable and highly biologically durable bamboo material could be prepared without mechanical reduction. The anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) could reach 50% with a low weight percent gain (WPG about 13%). By using SEM, nanoindentation, and Imaging
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We find that antibodies targeting the ACE2 receptor binding motif (RBM) typically have poor breadth and are readily escaped by mutations despite high neutralization potency, but we identify one potent RBM antibody (S2E12) with breadth across sarbecoviruses closely related to SARS-CoV-2 and with a high barrier to viral escape. These data highlight functional diversity among antibodies targeting the RBD and identif
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The ASPCA’s perceived impact on pet animal well-being and health care may be linked to their high level of recognition among respondents, as this was the organization that respondents most frequently reported having seen/heard stories related to animal well-being and health care.An elderly Singaporean male with no travel history was hospitalized for fever and altered mental status. Blood cultures grew Enterococcus faecal
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Conclusion COVID-19 quarantine has been posing intense psychological challenges among Lebanese health care workers which are worsened at times by the economic instability; thus, health care policymakers are urged to take proper action nationwide to alleviate longlisting implications and support the health care providers in fulfilling their mission.Background Cardiac rupture is a major lethal com
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In addition, multilayered condensates exhibit rapid exchanges of low valency proteins in and out, while keeping higher valency proteins-the key biomolecules involved in condensate nucleation-mostly within. We also demonstrate how modulating the binding affinities among the different proteins in a multicomponent condensate can significantly transform its multilayered structure, and even trigger fission of a condensate into m
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Host resistance may recover during active growth periods, which suppresses or even stops rapid expansion of the hyphae, leading to the intermediate symptom of canker warts. Abiotic factors, such as drought or high temperature in early spring, can result in rapid extension of colonized hyphae in branches and conversion of warts to cankers. Preventing this transition can be an important measure in managing Botryosph
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BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients are at increased risk of liver-related as well as cardiovascular mortality, including diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke, independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to find out the predictive impact of hepatorenal index (HRI) in the detection of impaired glucose metabolism in asym
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3 ± 1.6 to 0.7 ± 1.5 (P less then .0001). The mean Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder score decreased from 1443 ± 256 to 203 ± 267 (P less then .0001). On the Short Form 12, the mean physical health score increased from 33 ± 7 to 48 ± 9 (P less then .0001) and the mean mental health score increased from 50 ± 13 to 54 ± 8 (P = .007). Mean active forward elevation increased from 97° ± 27° to
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Our single institution analysis showed that treatment sequence of cetuximab and ICI in R/M HNSCC may affect clinical outcomes. Cetuximab prior to ICI was associated with worse outcomes while the efficacy of cetuximab may be enhanced after ICI therapy.Suicide is a social evil that is considered to be a global epidemic. Mental healthcare professionals (MHP) (psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, psychiatric socia
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TRAF-interacting protein with a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain (TIFA), originally identified as an adaptor protein of TRAF6, has recently been shown to be involved in innate immunity, induced by a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). ADP-β-D-manno-heptose, a newly identified PAMP, binds to alpha-kinase 1 (ALPK1) and activates its kinase activity to phosphorylate TIFA. Phosphorylation triggers TIFA oligomeri
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