Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
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, cardiac plasticity) in response to environmental stresses and discuss questions that should be addressed in the near future.This study sought to describe food- and non-food-related behaviors of children aged 3 to 18 years with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) in home and school settings, as assessed by 86 parents and 63 teachers using 7 subscales of the Global Assessment of Individual’s Behavior (GAIB). General Behavior Pro
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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a devastating disease with a dismal prognosis. Therapeutic interventions are largely ineffective. A better understanding of the pathophysiology is required. Ion channels contribute substantially to the “hallmarks of cancer.” Their expression is dysregulated in cancer, and they are “misused” to drive cancer progression, but the underlying m
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This study explored the implementation of the Centrally Procured School Food Program (CPSFP)-a free, universal, volunteer-led snack program for elementary school children. To assess participants’ perceptions and experiences with the CPSFP, interviews were conducted in school-level participants (n = 33) using a semi-structured interview guide. Fifteen on-site visits also were conducted at each school to o
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This study identified pathways from prenatal cannabis and tobacco exposure to adult daily dual use, in addition to clarifying adolescent outcomes that may be part of the pathways. In a climate of growing acceptance of cannabis use and increasing legalization of recreational use, these findings serve as a warning that early exposure to cannabis may have an important role in shaping long-term dual use of tobacco and ca
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One of the key motifs of type I kinase inhibitors is their interactions with the hinge region of ATP binding sites. These interactions contribute significantly to the potency of the inhibitors; however, only a tiny fraction of the available chemical space has been explored with kinase inhibitors reported in the last twenty years. This paper describes a workflow utilizing docking with rDock and dynamic undocking (DUck) f
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Nanotechnology is a new frontier of this century that finds applications in various fields of science with important effects on our life and on the environment. Nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds is a promising topic of nanotechnology. The excessive use of synthetic compounds with antifungal activity has led to the selection of resistant fungal species. In this context, the use of plant essential oils (E
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07, CI 2.18-29.78, P = 0.001) and T allele was more present in the case group (OR 1.83, CI 91.04-2.12, P = 0.034), however mir-27a seemed to show no association with IVF failure in regards to genotype and allele frequencies. The difference in genotype and allele frequencies of mir-320b of the two groups may indicate that it has an effect on the target mRNAs and alter the implantation of embryo during IVF cycles.PURP
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The flexion-distraction injuries mostly require surgical stabilization according to TLICS classification, because of the instability. In this particular case, TLICS classification was not adequate for a treatment decision, and the conservative treatment came out to be a more than sufficient tr
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01), and activating the caspase cascade in RT4 cells. Moreover, decreased expression of MMP-2 and 9 (p less then 0.01) were observed with combination therapy, implying its effect on cell invasion/migration. Furthermore, we used 3D bioprinting to grow RT4 spheroids using sodium alginate-gelatin as a bioink and evaluated the effect of GE + cDDP on this system. Cell viability assay showed the chemo
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Cytokine polymorphisms can influence their plasma levels and thus affect the immune response in renal transplantation. A total of 146 renal transplant recipients (RTR) were classified into groups according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (R1 A polymorphism in TNF gene and IL-6 and IL-10 levels would provide a broader and effective view on the clinical monitoring of RTR.
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Girls and women are often mistakenly diagnosed with ADHD. This could be due to a lower threshold for diagnosis and referral, as well as social judgement for behaviour that is in violation of gender norms (Holthe 2013,).
The low prevalence of ADHD among females is also
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Increased CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltrates were associated with better survival, and remained as independent prognostic factors in a multivariate analysis. This study is the first to investigate lymphocytic infiltration within four molecular subtypes of intestinal-type gastric cancer in a European cohort. The results provide an important addition to the current knowledge of T lymphocyte-dependent
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gles (p=0.000) and of those who knew a contraceptive method (p=0.003) expressed the intention to use contraception. Conclusion combatting the use of street drugs and securing the right to safe voluntary abortion are necessary to limit complications due to clandestine abortions.Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder associated with the Philadelphia chromoso
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Immediately post-treatment, patients needed more support regarding pain (p = 0.04) and worries about treatment results (p = 0.05), whereas patients in longer-term survivorship needed more support regarding anxiety (p = 0.02), changes in sexual relationships (p = 0.04), and fear of death and dying (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION This study identifies areas needing further development to improve quality of care for HNC-P in the
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Background Exogenous application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could relieve stress symptoms caused by abiotic stresses including anoxia, heat and cold shock, drought, and salt. However, studying translocation and metabolism of exogenous GABA is challenged by the presence of endogenous GABA. Results Herein, we used D6-GABA in order to investigate the uptake, translocation, and the metabolism o
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During the global pandemic of COVID-19 accurate diagnosis of the infection by demonstrating SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA by PCR in specimens is crucial for therapeutic and preventative interventions. There have been instances where nasal and throat swabs have been negative despite the patient having typical clinical and radiological findings compatible with the disease. We report a case of a man in his late 50s, brought to t
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Word-production theories argue that during language production, a concept activates multiple lexical candidates in left temporal cortex, and the intended word is selected from this set. Evidence for theories on spoken-word production comes, for example, from the picture-word interference task, where participants name pictures superimposed by congruent (e.g., picture rabbit, distractor “rabbit”), catego
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People living in the same area share similar determinants of infant mortality, such as access to healthcare. The community’s prevailing norms and attitudes about health behaviours could also influence the health care decisions made by individuals. In diversified communities like Ethiopia, differences in child health outcomes might not be due to variation in individual and family characteristics alone, but also du
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Despite a significant decline in morbidity and mortality over the last two decades, in 2018 there were 228 million reported cases of malaria and 405000 malaria-related deaths. Artemisinin, the cornerstone of artemisinin-based combination therapies, is the most potent drug in the antimalarial armamentarium against falciparum malaria. Heme-mediated activation of artemisinin and its derivatives results in widesprea
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The literature on simulation-based team training in emergency medicine is heterogeneous and sparse, but somewhat supports the hypothesis that simulation-based team training is beneficial to teams’ knowledge and attitudes t
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High senescence and low autophagy were observed in cervical stromal cells under OS. Conversely, senescence was low and autophagy was high in endocervical epithelial cells. OS induced p38MAPK activation in all three cervical cells but only increased IL-6 production by the ectocervical epithelial cells. Inhibition of IL-6 production by a p38MAPK inhibitor confirmed activation of an OS-induced pathway. In conclusion,
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HIF (Hypoxia-inducible factor) gene family members function as master regulators of cellular and systemic oxygen homeostasis during changes in oxygen availability. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a natural laboratory for for long-term hypoxia and cold adaptation. In this context, T. scleroptera that is restricted to >3500 m high-altitude freshwater rivers was selected as the model to compare with a representative species from t
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Sufficient physical activity (PA) and less sedentary behavior (SB) have antidepressant effects, however the amount of PA varies according to weight status in adults with diabetes. Given that depression is a common complication of diabetes, we aimed to quantify to what extent the effects of diabetes on the risk of depression were explained by SB or insufficient PA in adults with and without obesity.
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A mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) is effective in patients with chronic heart failure; however, the effects of the early initiation of an MRA in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) have not been elucidated.
In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, we focused on the safety and effectiveness of the treatment with epl
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The transformation of agrochemicals into herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) has been suggested as a solution to problems associated with commercial forms of herbicides. The aim of this review was to summarize the latest progress in the field of HILs, including their synthesis as well as physicochemical and biological properties, and to address the areas that require further research in order to ensure their safe commer
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Diffusion-weighted imaging has received attention as a method for characterizing inflammatory exudates in bone marrow in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and reveals an increase in diffusivity in regions of bone marrow oedema. Various models of diffusion attenuation have been investigated but the model providing the best description of tissue pathophysiology in regions of marrow oedema is unknown. Determi
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Of these genetically engineered proteins, elastin-like proteins (ELP), silk-like proteins (SLP), and silk-elastin-like proteins (SELP) provide a unique set of alternatives for designing drug delivery systems due to their inherent chemical and physical properties and ease of engineering afforded by recombinant DNA technologies. In this review we examine the advantages of genetically engineered drug delivery system
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In advanced cancer stage patients, the highest prevalence of fatigue (60.6%) was reported. Fatigue prevalence rates were 62% during treatment and 51% during mixed treatment status. The prevalence of fatigue decreased from 64% in studies published from 1996 to 2000 to 43% in studies published from 2016 to 2020. Metaregression identified female gender as a significant moderator for higher prevalence of fatigue, wh
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Interval colonoscopy remains advisable after an acute attack, particularly after a complicated form. Acute surgery is needed for the most severe as well as refractory cases, whereas elective resections are individualized and should be considered for chronic, smoldering, or recurrent forms and respective complications (stricture, fistula, etc.) and for patients with factors highly predictive of recur
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Physical distancing and other COVID-19 pandemic mitigation strategies may have unintended consequences on a number of health behaviors and health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between perceived change in physical activity or exercise and mental health outcomes over the short-term in response t
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer worldwide and causes more deaths than breast, colorectal and cervical cancers combined. The five-year survival rate for lung cancer in the UK is approximately 15%. Over many years, lung cancer has failed to attract the attention and resources given to other cancers; it has also been stigmatised by a culture of blame, attributable to the sufferer because of smoking. Anyon
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Families with an adverse history of monogenic disease focus on single-gene diagnosis instead of low-depth whole-genome sequence, during subsequent pregnancies. The aim of this study was to assess the potential usefulness of low-depth whole-genome sequencing (copy number variant sequencing [CNV-seq]) detection following monogenic disease exclusion in prenatal diagnosis.
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Cancer cells undergo considerable metabolic changes to foster uncontrolled proliferation in a hostile environment characterized by nutrient deprivation, poor vascularization and immune infiltration. While metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer, the role of micronutrients in shaping these adaptations remains scarcely investigated. In particular, the broad electron-transferring ab
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There are 8 arboviruses for which neonatal outcomes from maternal acquisition in the perinatal period have been reported, with the most data for dengue and Chikungunya virus infections. The evidence reviewed in this article supports the adoption of preventive strategies to avoid ticks and mosquitoes close to the date of delivery. For the other arbovirus infections, further community-based cohort studies during outbre
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We conclude that DT can be advantageous when predicting variables that are non-controlled, but have an underlying distribution in healthy or diseased populations.We examined whether personality disorders (PDs) (any, cluster A/B/C) were associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in a population-based sample of Australian women (n = 696). Personality and mood disorders were assessed using semi-structured diagnostic interv
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Optimal clinical indicators are crucial for evaluating the prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In the present study, the potential prognostic value of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type O (PTPRO) expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with ACS undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was investigated. Patients diagnosed with ACS were prospectiv
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Many fungi in the Diaporthe genus across the world are pathogenic. Diaporthe capsici. is a pathogenic fungus that can infect peppers and walnuts, causing their death. The aim of this study was to develop a genomic resource to provide substantial data and a theoretical basis for research on molecular pathogenesis, transcriptome, proteome, and metabonome of D. capsici. The whole genome of D. capsici was sequenced u
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The microdialysis results revealed that intrathecal nefopam significantly increased 5-HT and NE levels and attenuated the formalin-induced release of glutamate in the spinal cord. Thus, the present data suggest that the increase in the extracellular levels of 5-HT and NE, and reductions in glutamate release in the spinal cord, may have contributed to the analgesic effects of nefopam.Multifactorial pathological proce
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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of one-step orthodontic composite combined with primer on microleakage and shear bond strength (SBS) of metal and ceramic brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS This in vitro study included 144 extracted premolar teeth. Teeth were divided into two main groups according to the bracket type (metal and ceramic). In each group, brackets were bonded with three different bonding systems two-step total-et
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Both radiation modalities enhanced the susceptibility of tumor cells to CTL lysis, which was more pronounced in EO771/Luci/OVA cells than in PDA30364/OVA cells. Overall, compared to photon radiation, the effects of carbon ion radiation appeared to be enhanced at higher dose range for EO771 cells and extenuated at lower dose range for PDA30364/OVA cells. Our data show for the first time that equivalent doses of carbon ion
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