Like I’ve mentioned in a few of my previous posts, this pandemic has brought on a lot of changes for everyone– but there is variation in how COVID-19 has impacted different groups of people. The experience of racial and ethnic minorities during this pandemic has been very different from other groups and is reflective of health outcomes that often exist for minorities in the U.S.
COVID-19
In New York City, the death rates for Black/African American individuals is much higher due to the virus, than it is for other racial/ethnic groups (1). The chart below shows the disproportionality of the effects of COVID on the population of African American individuals in a few states. 
Compared to the total state population, the majority of patients affected by COVID are African American (2).
These disparities exist not only during this pandemic, but in healthcare in general:
Reasons for the Disparity
People who belong to racial or ethnic minority groups experience the health care system differently than others– many of the existing disparities in society lead to poorer health outcomes, as well as greater vulnerability to viruses and other illnesses. Many minority groups live in heavily populated areas or live in households with multiple generations, where social distancing might not be possible (1). Many work hourly, so health benefits are not part of the package and health services become difficult to access (2). There is also a much higher population of racial and ethnic minorities in jails, prisons, etc. which are again, places that increase the risk of spread of viruses and other illnesses (1).
Also, because of the social distancing measures that have to be taken because of the pandemic, there has been a decrease in quality of care for patients who don’t speak English (4). Before, interpreters/translators could be present in person during a patient’s visit, which makes it much easier to translate and understand the patient’s concerns and symptoms. Now, a lot of interpreters have to work over the phone and it’s possible that a lot of information is getting lost in translation because it’s just harder to have a conversation and understand each other that way.
While the pandemic has affected everyone in one way or another, it has not affected everyone equally. The social determinants of health that I talked about in my first blog, in addition to factors such as racism, geographic location, and poverty, play a large part in deciding how an individual is affected. Unfortunately, the same level and quality of healthcare are not available to every person. Moving towards a system that addresses these disparities and provides excellent health care to each patient will involve first resolving the inequalities that exist in health care delivery in general and access to healthier food, exercise, etc. Additionally, training healthcare providers to better understand cultural differences and barriers to care could improve health outcomes for minority groups (3).
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Given the serious threat of foodborne multidrug-resistant bacteria to animals and humans, finding an effective antibacterial compound has always been an important topic for scientists. Here, from the soil of Changbaishan, we have identified a bacterium that can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Nr genome database analysis and phylogenetic analysis showed that strain CB6 belongs to Bacillus velezensis. We fo
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Since outbreaks were first detected in grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Cyperales Poaceae), in 2013, sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner has become a major annual pest in grain sorghum-producing regions of North America. Economic thresholds have been recommended for susceptible hybrids, but these recommendations may not be suitable for grain sorghum hybrids partially resistant to sugarcane a
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債務重組 指的是 過程 到達 一個全新的 面對債權人通過與債權人進行談判的還款計劃 財務困難 能夠 減少 還款的壓力和 增加 財務狀況。這個過程通常 涉及 重新分配債務的條件， 可能 包括延長還款期，減少 利率，，，， 也 減少一些債務 很多人 誰會 在經濟困難中，債務重組是一個可行的解決方案 那會有所幫助 他們 防止 破產的嚴重後果。
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Alcohol induces liver injury related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Humulus japonicus extract (HJE) against alcohol-induced liver injury. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanisms of the protective effect of HJE on alcohol-induced liver injury. The pretreatment of HJE decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alani
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